ANTIBIOTICS

Introduction Antibiotics are the agent that produced by one microorganism and kills or inhibits the growth of other microorganism. Medication used to treat bacterial infections. The term antibiotic first used in 1942 by SELMAN WAKSMAN

History of Antibiotics 1st antibiotic discovered by scientist Alexander Fleming is PENICILLIN in 1929 Was working in his lab, trying to kill a deadly bacteria, when he noticed a blue mold growing on the dish.

Not an ordinary mold Learned that it was the mold Penicillium Notatum. Penicillin is found in the mold. Noticed that the bacteria around the mold was dissolving. In early days Penicillin was administered in small doses every three hours.

General structure of penicillin

Antibiotics Classification On the basis of spectrum of antimicrobial activity 1) Narrow spectrum antibiotics eg. Benzyl penicillin, Bacitracin 2) Broad spectrum antibiotics eg. Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin

On the basis of chemical structure A) Beta lactam antibiotics eg. Benzyl penicillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin B) Non beta lactam antibiotics eg. Tetracyclin, Streptomycin C) Miscellaneous antibiotics eg. Chloramphenicol

A) Beta lactam antibiotics 1) Benzyl penicillin (NOVOPEN) Uses-Meningitis, Aspiration pneumonia, Diphtheria

2) Ampicillin (AMPILOX, CAMPILOX) Uses-Bacterial Meningitis, Endocarditis, Bronchitis

B) Non beta lactam antibiotics 1) Tetracyclin (LUPICYCLINE) Uses-Plague, Ricketsial infections

2) Streptomycin Uses-Tuberculosis, Endocarditis

C) Miscellaneous antibiotics 1) Chloramphenicol (CHLOROCORT) Uses-Typhoid, Meningitis, Fever, UTI

Mechanism of antibiotics Bacteriostatic eg. Tetracyclin, Chloramohenicol, Trimethoprim Bactericidal eg. Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Monobactams

Mode of action Inhibitors of DNA synthesis Inhibitors of protein synthesis Inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis

Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotic resistance is form of drug resistance where bacteria are able to survive after exposure to one or more antibiotics. Prevention of antibiotics is most important.

Preventing antibiotic resistance Patients can : Take antibiotics exactly as doctor prescribes. Complete the prescribed course of treatment. Do not save the antibiotics for next illness. Only take antibiotics prescribed for you; do not share or use leftover antibiotics. Do not ask for antibiotics when your doctor thinks you do not need them.

Healthcare providers can : Prescribes antibiotics correctly- Right drug at right dose for right duration. See all the instructions on the prescription about dose, duration, indication of the antibiotics. Stay aware of antibiotics resistance. Participates in and lead efforts within your hospitals to improve prescribing practices.

Novel antibiotics Products Indications 1) Ceftobiprol Bacterial Pneumonia (Inhibit cell wall synthesis) 2) Avibactam Complicated UIT (Inhibit beta lactamase) 3) Plazomicin Uncomplicated UIT (Inhibit protein synthesis) 4) Omadacyclin Acute bacterial skin infection 5) Ramoplanin Diarrhoea (Inhibit cell wall production)

(Inhibit protein synthesis) Product Indications 6) Eravacyclin Complicated abdominal infection (Inhibit protein synthesis) 7) Dalbavacin Acute bacterial skin infection (Inhibit cell wall synthesis) 8) Tazobactam Urinary tract infection (Inhibit beta lactamase) 9) Oritavancin Acute bacterial skin infection

References M K Chattopadhyay and H-P Grossart, Antibiotic resistance, intractable and here’s why, British Medical Journal, Vol.341, p.c6848, 2010. R I Aminov, The role of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in nature, Environmental Microbiology, Vol.11, pp.2970–2988, 2009. John M. Beale, Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 11th edition, page no. 299-374