Chapter Ninth Edition America: Past and Present America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Secession and the Civil War 15

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Storm Gathers Secession does not necessarily mean war One last attempt to reconcile North and South Federal response to secession debated

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Deep South Secedes Secession does not necessarily mean war One last attempt to reconcile North and South; Federal response to secession debated; Buchanan inactive December 20,1860: South Carolina secedes February, 1861: Confederate States of America formed – Included South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Failure of Compromise Crittenden Plan: Extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Lincoln rejects compromise – Does not think it will end secession – Misperceived depth of support for secession and thought compromise would demoralize union sympathizers – Viewed as repudiation of majority rule

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands And the War Came North seeks action to preserve Union April 13, 1861: Fort Sumter, S.C., falls April, 15: Lincoln calls out Northern state militias to suppress Southern insurrection April–May: Upper South secedes Border states: Slave states remain in Union War defined as effort to preserve Union

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “Another Lexington” or another “Boston Massacre”? 6 th Mass. leaves Boston April 17 th arrives Baltimore April 19 th An mob of approx. 5,000 Baltimoreans attack the militiamen. Many on both sides of fighting are wounded. 21 killed: (5soldiers). 100’s injured. –Pvt. Luther Ladd, aged 17, hit in the head and shot while on the ground – dies of his wounds. –Corporal Needham, shot in the neck and stomped to death by the mob. Last company to march sustains 25% casualties. Snipers fire at the train from Baltimore to Washington, DC THESE ARE THE FIRST TROOPS KILLED IN THE CIVIL WAR.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands AFTER EFFECTS On April 20 th the Governor, Mayor of Baltimore, and Police Commissioner order all bridges leading into the city destroyed. Lincoln censors all telegraph offices. Seizes transcript records. Suspected “traitors” and secessionists are arrested. September 1861: Lincoln suspends habeas corpus and orders the governor, mayor, chief of police, many prominent citizens, legislators, and newspapermen arrested. Most arrested are held in Fort McHenry and other northern forts for years, without trial. Baltimore is placed under martial law. Union troops occupy and fortify Federal Hill.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Union Artillery at Fort Federal Hill, Baltimore, 1862 Photographed by David Bachrach MHS Library, Special Collections Department “After the riots of 1861, Baltimore illustrated the nation’s divided sympathies. If you were for the Confederacy, it was an occupied city. If you favored the Union, General Butler and his troops were protecting the city from the rebels. Legend reports that the fort’s troops enjoyed pointing out to nervous locals that the cannons were aimed at the Washington Monument, located in the center of the city, in case of insurrection.”

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Maryland, My Maryland –I The despot's heel is on thy shore, –Maryland! His torch is at thy temple door, –Maryland! Avenge the patriotic gore That flecked the streets of Baltimore, And be the battle queen of yore, –Maryland! My Maryland! –VI Dear Mother! burst the tyrant's chain, –Maryland! Virginia should not call in vain, –Maryland! She meets her sisters on the plain- "Sic semper!" 'tis the proud refrain That baffles minions back again, –Maryland! Arise in majesty again, –Maryland! My Maryland!

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands What were the 3 parts of the Anaconda Plan? Scott's Great Snake General Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the Confederacy, and crush it. (Library of Congress)

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands WAR STRATEGIES P.S. What’s the difference between tactics and strategy? THE NORTH’S “ANACONDA” PLAN 1.Naval blockade of Southern ports 2.Control the Mississippi and split Confederacy in two 3.Capture Richmond, the Confederate Capital THE SOUTH’S PLAN 1.Fight a defensive war 2.Secure recognition and support from Europe 3.Negotiate an armistice

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Overview of Civil War Strategy

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Prospects, Plans, and Expectations South adopts defensive strategy: North must fight in unfamiliar, hostile terrain Lincoln adopts two-front strategy: – Capture Confederate capitol, Richmond, VA – Seize control of the Mississippi River – Deploy navy to blockade Southern ports

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Adjusting to Total War North must win by destroying will to resist Total War: a test of societies, economies, political systems as well as armies

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Industrial and Agricultural Resources of the North and South

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Blockade Union extends blockade (Anaconda Plan) Begins to have success by targeting cotton ports Risks war with Britain by seizing British merchants, uses “ultimate destination”- legal cover to avoid war Blockade Runners earn profits of up to 700% 3//9/1862: Monitor v. Merrimack  end of wooden-hulled warfare, beginning of the “Ironclads”

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Monitor v. Merrimack (Virginia)

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Western and Southern Theaters 1861–1862

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 1862: North and South begin conscription Confederate mobilization – Government arsenals supply Confederate armies – Efforts to finance lead to runaway inflation – Transportation system inadequate Northern mobilization – Finance war through taxes, bonds, paper money – Private industry supplies Union armies well

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands CONSCRIPTION (=DRAFT) NORTH: Started in 1863 Ages for 3 years Substitutes allowed Commutations for $300 Bounties paid to volunteers 92% of army volunteered SOUTH: Started in 1862 Ages Exemptions for slaveholders with 20 slaves or more Substitutes allowed 80% of eligible men served

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Presidents Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Political Leadership: Northern Success and Southern Failure Lincoln expands wartime powers – Declares martial law – Imprisons 10,000 “subversives” without trial – Briefly closes down a few newspapers Jefferson Davis – Concerned mainly with military duties – Neglects civilian morale, economy – Lacks influence with state governments

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Early Campaigns and Battles Northern achievements by 1862 – Total naval supremacy – Confederate troops cleared from West Virginia, Kentucky, much of Tennessee – New Orleans captured Confederate achievements by 1862 – Stall campaign for the Mississippi at Shiloh – Defend Richmond from capture

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Diplomatic Struggle England – Belligerent rights extended to Confederacy – Conditions: Recognition of independence on proof that South can win independence France: Confederacy not recognized unless England does so first “King Cotton” has little influence on foreign policy of other nations

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Fight to the Finish North adopts radical measures to win 1863: War turns against South Southern resistance continues

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Coming of Emancipation September 22, 1862: Antietam prompts preliminary Emancipation Proclamation – Surrender in 100 days or lose slaves January 1, 1863: Proclamation put into effect for areas still in rebellion African Americans flee to Union lines Confederacy loses thousands of laborers

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “... on the first day of January... all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.“ President Abraham Lincoln, preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, September 22, 1862

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 Antietam’s “victory” gives Lincoln the “opportunity” to issue preliminary proclamation on Sept. 23, Emancipates only those slaves in states still in rebellion, NOT IN THE BORDER STATES!!! Settles the “contraband” question. Many slaves escape North to join Union Ends the possibility of a negotiated settlement Unpopular in Sections of North, Copperheads gain support QUESTION: Did the Emancipation Proclamation “ennoble” the cause of the North?

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Freedom to the Slave, 1863 This engraving celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation first appeared in While it places a white Union soldier in the center, it also portrays the important role of African American troops and emphasizes the importance of education and literacy. (The Library Company of Philadelphia) Freedom to the Slave, 1863 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Blacks Enlist 180,000 Blacks enlist in Union by war’s end (10% of forces) Face discrimination & opposition from Northerners Receive less pay & used as labor brigades, initially 22 Congressional Medal of Honor winners 2 Regiments raised in Massachusetts by Frederick Douglass ( see the movie Glory) Many executed by South as prisoners South attempted to enlist blacks in the last month of the war, with little impact/effect

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands African Americans and the War 200,000 African American Union troops Many others labor in Northern war effort Lincoln pushes further for black rights – Organizes governments in conquered Southern states that abolish slavery – Maryland, Missouri abolish slavery – January 31, 1865: 13th Amendment passed

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Tide Turns May, 1863: War-weariness – New York riots against conscription – Anti-war activists like Congressman Clement Vallandigham arrested – Grant bogged down at Vicksburg – Union defeated at Chancellorsville – Democrats “Copperheads” attack Lincoln

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Civil War, 1863–1865

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands DRAFT RIOTS: NYC draft riots in July African Americans lynched. 100 killed.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Tide Turns July, 1863 – Confederate invasion of North fails at Battle of Gettysburg – Vicksburg falls, North holds the Mississippi

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Gettysburg Meade’s 92,000 meet Lee’s 76,000 July1-3, 1863 Close victory for Union after Pickett’s charge fails Marks furthest northern advance of Confederacy Though South in decline, fighting goes on to 1865, this battle ends discussion in Europe about helping South Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, not popular at time

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady At the end of the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army had suffered over 25,000 casualties. These uninjured Confederate captives, who refused to face the camera and stare off in different directions, may have spent the rest of the war in northern prison camps. (Library of Congress) Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Last Stages of the Conflict March 9, 1864: Grant made supreme commander of Union armies Union invades the South on all fronts – William Sherman marches through Georgia – Grant lays siege to Richmond, Petersburg September 2: Sherman takes Atlanta November 8: Lincoln re-elected

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Bitter End Vallandingham Controversy and the Copperheads Election of 1864: Democrats split into 3 groups – War Democrats, Peace Democrats and Copperheads Republicans and War Dems form the Union Party, McClellan runs on Southern Democratic ticket Lincoln wins: “bayonet votes” and recent victories in war help swing the vote to Lincoln

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Election of 1864 Candidate PartyPopular VoteElectoral Vote LincolnRepublican2,213, McClellanDemocratic1,805, *Out of a total of 233 electoral votes. The eleven secessionist states— Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia—did not vote.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands ive/liho/1864/1864e.htm

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Title: UNION AND LIBERTY! UNION AND SLAVERY!Year: 1864Creator: M. W. Siebert, New York Description: An anti-McClellan broadside, contrasting Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln's advocacy of equality and free labor in the North to Democratic opponent McClellan's alleged support of the Southern slave system. The comparison is made in two scenes, "Union and Liberty" (left) and "Union and Slavery" (right). In the first, Lincoln shakes the hand of a bearded man wearing a square paper labor cap, while black and white school children issue from a schoolhouse flying the American flag in the background. On the right McClellan, in military uniform, shakes the hand of Confederate president Jefferson Davis, as a slave auction takes place behind them. URL:

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Last Stages of the Conflict Sherman’s March to the sea through Georgia “Scorched earth” policy April 2, 1865: Grant takes Richmond April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders April 14, 1865: Lincoln assassinated April 18, 1865: Last major Confederate force under Joseph Johnston surrenders

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Sherman’s March to the Sea Sherman begins “total war” on South Invades Georgia with 60,000 men Targets homes, railways, crops, towns Burns everything in his path, burns Atlanta 9/1864 After destroying GA, went into SC GOAL: destroy supplies destined for Northern front. Weaken Southern morale and resolve to fight. WAS IT A SUCCESS? It did increase desertions and shorten war. Yet, many atrocities occurred and civilians suffered most.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Map: Sherman's March to the Sea Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “After four years of arduous service marked by unsurpassed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers and resources.” -Robert E. Lee

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Casualties of War

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Effects of the War Federal government predominant over states Federal government takes activist role in the economy –Higher tariffs, free land, national banking system

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Effects of the War 618,000 troops dead Bereft women seek non-domestic roles Four million African Americans free, not equal Industrial workers face wartime inflation

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands An Organizational Revolution Modern bureaucratic state emerges Individualism gives way to organized, cooperative activity Catalyst for transformation of American society in the late nineteenth century