Transformations Around the Globe Chapter 12

China Resists Outside Influence Section 1

China and the West China is self-sufficient Silks, cotton and porcelain export more than import British smuggle opium into China 1835 – 12 million Chinese are addicted Qing emperor asks British to stop but they do not (quick-growing rice, mining, manufacturing industries, natural resources)

China and the West Opium War (1839) China loses and Britain gets Hong Kong Foreigners do not have to follow Chinese laws at five ports (extraterritorial rights)

Internal Problems Population grows + food production does not (leads to famines and increased opium use) Hong Xiuquan organizes Taiping Rebellion -> peasant army wins control of government for 11 years More than 20 million die

Foreign Influence The Dowager Empress updates China’s education system and military China still loses wars to foreigners who gain spheres of influence (foreign nation controls trade in a certain area) U.S. issues the Open Door Policy

Chinese Nationalism The Dowager Empress stops reforms Peasants are upset with this and that foreigners have special privileges Boxer Rebellion – 1900 – peasants attack foreigners in Beijing but are defeated by a multinational force Nationalism increases Chinese want their govt. to make reforms

Extraterritorial rights in 19th century China benefitted __________ the most. To improve the balance of _______ between Britain and China, British merchants smuggled _________ into China. A rebel government was established in southeastern China during the __________ Rebellion.

Modernization in Japan Section 3

Japan Ends its Isolation Refuses to open their ports for trade (just like Chinese) 1853 – American naval fleet is sent into Tokyo Harbor to shock and frighten the Japanese Treaty of Kanagwa – Japan opens two ports to U.S. for trade Feudal society ruled by shoguns Cut off from the rest of the world

Mutsuhito Establishes a New Govt. Meiji Era – modernize Adapted aspects of foreign culture they admired American education system Germany’s centralized govt. and military discipline Industrialize and develop modern industries May Gee – enlightened era

Imperial Japan 1890 strongest military power in Asia Get rid of extraterritorial rights Japan wants to show the world they are powerful Sigh - no

Imperial Japan Japanese and Chinese want Korea as a trading outpost and to protect themselves Both agree not to send troops into Korea Chinese send troops when Korean king asks for help during rebellion Japan sends its military into Korea = Sino-Japanese War China’s navy is destroyed and Japan gains Taiwan Russia and Japan are now the dominant powers in E. Asia

Russo-Japanese War Russia refuses to stay out of Korea Japan attacks Russian ships near Manchuria Russian navy is destroyed Japan gains control of Manchuria and Korea Japanese are harsh rulers Shut down newspapers and take over schools (make kids study Japanese language and culture) Took their land Korean nationalism increases

U.S. Economic Imperialism Section 3

Latin America After Independence Powerful landowners pay their poor workers with vouchers Wages were low and prices were high in the stores controlled by the landowners Workers go into debt

Latin America After Independence Army leaders during independence movements become dictators (caudillos) Wealthy landowners support them

Economies Trade more beef, fruits, vegetables Import manufactured goods from Europe and U.S. Do not develop their own manufacturing industries Receive loans from Western countries to develop exporting industries Western countries take their industries over when they cannot pay back their loans

A Latin American Empire U.S. issues the Monroe Doctrine (1823) – Europeans are not to colonize anywhere in the Western Hemisphere U.S. helps Cuba beat the Spanish (Spanish-American War) U.S. establishes a military base in Cuba and gains control of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam

Panama Canal U.S. helps Panama (previously controlled by Colombia) gain independence U.S. obtains a ten-mile wide zone to build a canal Canal opens in 1914 Sea travel from the east to the west of the U.S. = 13,000 miles 6,5000 miles if a canal was built in Central America

Roosevelt Corollary Extension to the Monroe Doctrine U.S. = “international police power” in the Western Hemisphere U.S. occupies L. American countries for decades

Turmoil and Change in Mexico Section 4

Santa Ana and the Mexican War Helps Mexico gain independence Mexican president 4 times Loses battle over Texas Loses Mexican-American War -> U.S. obtains American Southwest

Juarez and La Reforma From Oaxaca Zapotec Indian Major goals: Redistribution of land Separation of church and state More education for the poor Civil war = Juarez (liberals) beats the conservatives French take over Mexico for five years Juarez defeats the French (1867) and begins reforms

Porfirio Diaz and “Order and Progress” Army leader removes Juarez from power Gave land to anyone who supported him No real elections Railroads and banks expanded Rich get richer

Revolution and Civil War Madero – exiled by Diaz “Pancho” Villa organizes an army in the north Zapata in the South Want land returned to peasants and small farmers Diaz steps down Madero is elected president (1911) Huerta takes over (1913) Carranza (politician) gains power, kills Zapata, revises the Constitution, is taken over by Obregon who initiates land and education reform Obregon is assassinated (1928) – PRI takes over