D. W. Griffith Early Career Edison Studios – Porter – Bitzer Biograph Studios

Directed approximately 450 short films for Biograph 1913 Mutual and takes Billy Bitzer with him

Contributions Complex storytelling Film could make people think and feel Established the shot as the unit of film, not the scene Film becomes what the director wants the audience to see First “Auteur” filmmaker (wrote, directed, edited, scored)

Content of Early Films Heavy moral messages (Victorian influence) Definitive good and evil Heavy handed subtitles Allegorical names (Dear One, Brute Force)

Editing Developed sophisticated editing techniques – All future filmmakers credit Griffith with creating film art Eisenstein and Kuleshov Welles John Ford

Lighting Created to enhance the shot or scene – Natural (window or outdoors) – Night/Day – Lamp or fireplace – Mood – Highlight an object or person – Rembrandt (women look angelic) – Colorized film to create mood/effect

Company of Players Type casting Rehearsals More subtle Created stars – Mary Pickford – Lillian and Dorothy Gish – Henry B. Walthall, Donald Crisp – Mae Marsh, Blanche Sweet

The Birth of a Nation Adapted from Thomas Dixon’s novel The Clansman Two families during the Civil War and Reconstruction 6 weeks to rehearse 9 weeks to shoot

The Birth of a Nation Cost: $125,000 Grossed: $40 million ($2 million to Griffith $2 instead of a nickel to see it Nearly 3 hours in length (13 reels) First film screened at the White House Pres. Wilson calls it “History written in lightning. ”

Criticism Racist Themes Glorified the KKK Touched off riots throughout the country Banned in some areas of the South NAACP condemns it Griffith answers his critics with Intolerance, his cinematic defense

Intolerance $450,000 to make 4 confusing storylines in different time periods inter- cut Reviewers called it “Intolerable” 16 reels long Flop, puts Griffith in financial jeopardy and dependent on other producers

Modest Success Broken Blossoms (1919) Way Down East (1920) Orphans of the Storm (1921)

Decline No new innovative ideas His moral dramas no longer appealed to audiences. Society moving into “Roaring 20’s” Far less creative control Stopped writing his own screenplays