Abraham Lincoln – Marfan Syndrome Emily Dickinson – Manic Depression Vincent Van Gogh – Epilepsy Albert Einstein – Dyslexia John F. Kennedy – Addison’s Disease Rita Hayworth – Alzheimer’s Disease Ray Charles – Primary Glaucoma Stephen Hawking – Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Of course you may not have been born!

Chapter 9 Frontiers of Biotechnology

In most cases of genetic engineering, scientists start by cutting the DNA Restriction enzymes = enzymes that cut DNA at a specific spot Hundreds of restriction enzymes are used as tiny scissors

Restriction enzymes either leave a “blunt end or sticky end”

Once DNA is cut up it can be studied in a couple ways Gel electrophoresis is used to separate the pieces 1. DNA is loaded into a gel 2. Voltage is applied 3. DNA has a negative charge, it moves toward the positive end Little pieces move fast Big pieces move slow

Instead of adding paper/toner, add DNA polymerase and free bases Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows scientists to make many copies of DNA PCR is like a copy machine for DNA

DNA fingerprinting take advantage of restriction enzymes and the fact that everyone's DNA is different Created using gel electrophoresis

A clone = genetically identical copy of a gene/organism Dolly was the first clone of an adult mammal Cloning occurs naturally (plants/bacteria/twins)

Genetic engineering = changing DNA to give new traits Recombinant DNA = DNA that contains genes from more than 1 organism

Plasmid = closed loop of DNA separated from the rest Bacteria is often used in genetic engineering Restriction enzymes + plasmid + sticky ends = recombinant DNA

Transgenic bacteria can be used to create human proteins Transgenic organism = has genes from another organism Transgenic plants create natural pesticides Transgenic mice are models of human development

The Human Genome Project sequenced all human DNA Genomics = study of genomes/ gene sequences Genetic screenings can identify disorders Gene therapy could help cure those disorders