Warm-Up – 2/5 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor? Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set? Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude? Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude?

Questions / Comments

Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor? Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set? Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude? Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude?

Aircraft Systems Induction Systems Two types of induction systems are commonly used in small aircraft engines: 1. The carburetor system, which mixes the fuel and air in the carburetor before this mixture enters the intake manifold.

Aircraft Systems Induction Systems 2. The fuel injection system, which mixes the fuel and air immediately before entry into each cylinder or injects fuel directly into each cylinder.

Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor? Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set? Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude? Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude?

Aircraft Systems Carburetor Systems The chief disadvantage of the float carburetor, however, is its icing tendency.

Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor? Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set? Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude? Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude?

Aircraft Systems Mixture Control Carburetors are normally calibrated at sea-level pressure, where the correct fuel-to-air mixture ratio is established with the mixture control set in the FULL RICH position.

Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor? Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set? Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude? Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude?

Aircraft Systems Mixture Control However, as altitude increases, the density of air entering the carburetor decreases, while the density of the fuel remains the same.

Warm-Up – 2/3 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What are the two types of induction systems used on an aircraft? What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type carburetor? Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what position is the fuel/air mixture set? Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the aircraft gains altitude? Describe what must be done to the mixture as an aircraft descends from high altitude?

Aircraft Systems Mixture Control During a descent from high altitude, the mixture must be enriched, or it may become too lean.

Questions / Comments

THIS DAY IN AVIATION February 5 1914 — Lt. J.C. Morrow became 24th and last flier to qualify as “Military Aviator.”

THIS DAY IN AVIATION February 5 1919 — The first regular, daily passenger service in the world is launched at Berlin's city airfield. A German airline operates the new service on route from Berlin to Weimar via Leipzig.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION February 5 1929 — Frank Hawks and Oscar Grubb land their Lockheed “Air Express” in New York after a record flight of 18 hours 20 minutes from Los Angeles.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION February 5 1949 — An Eastern Air Lines Lockheed “Constellation” lands at LaGuardia, New York, at the end of a flight of 6 hours 18 minutes from Los Angeles, a coast-to-coast record for transport aircraft.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION February 5 1951 — The United States and Canada announce the establishment of the Distant Early Warning (DEW), the air defense system that uses more than 30 radar stations located across the northern portion of the continent.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION February 5 1962 — A Sikorsky HSS-2 “Sea King” of the United States Navy sets a world helicopter speed record of 210.6 mph, in the course of a flight between Milford and New Haven, Connecticut.

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February 2014 1 2 3 Chapter 6 Aircraft Systems 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1   2 3 Chapter 6 Aircraft Systems 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 NO SCHOOL 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Questions / Comments

Chapter 6 – Aircraft Systems FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

Today’s Mission Requirements Identify in writing the primary systems found on most aircraft. Describe the basic operation and characteristics of the primary aircraft systems. EQ: Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly.

Aircraft Systems Engine Cooling Systems The burning fuel within the cylinders produces intense heat, most of which is expelled through the exhaust system. Much of the remaining heat, however, must be removed, or at least dissipated, to prevent the engine from overheating.

Aircraft Systems Engine Cooling Systems The extremely high engine temperatures can lead to loss of power, excessive oil consumption, detonation, and serious engine damage.

Aircraft Systems Engine Cooling Systems While the oil system is vital to the internal cooling of the engine, an additional method of cooling is necessary for the engine’s external surface. Most small aircraft are air cooled, although some are liquid cooled.

Aircraft Systems Engine Cooling Systems Air cooling is accomplished by air flowing into the engine compartment through openings in front of the engine cowling. Baffles route this air over fins attached to the engine cylinders, and other parts of the engine, where the air absorbs the engine heat.

Aircraft Systems Engine Cooling Systems The outside air enters the engine compartment through an inlet behind the propeller hub. Baffles direct it to the hottest parts of the engine, primarily the cylinders, which have fins that increase the area exposed to the airflow.

Aircraft Systems Engine Cooling Systems The air cooling system is less effective during ground operations, takeoffs, go-arounds, and other periods of high-power, low-airspeed operation. High-speed descents provide excess air and can shock cool the engine, subjecting it to abrupt temperature fluctuations.

Aircraft Systems Engine Cooling Systems Operating the engine at higher than its designed temperature can cause loss of power, excessive oil consumption, and detonation. It will also lead to serious permanent damage.

Aircraft Systems Engine Cooling Systems Monitoring the flight deck engine temperature instruments will aid in avoiding high operating temperature.

Aircraft Systems Engine Cooling Systems Under normal operating conditions in aircraft not equipped with cowl flaps, the engine temperature can be controlled by changing the airspeed or the power output of the engine. High engine temperatures can be decreased by increasing the airspeed and/or reducing the power.

Aircraft Systems Engine Cooling Systems The oil temperature gauge gives an indirect and delayed indication of rising engine temperature, but can be used for determining engine temperature if this is the only means available.

Aircraft Systems Engine Cooling Systems Most aircraft are equipped with a cylinder-head temperature gauge which indicates a direct and immediate cylinder temperature change.

Aircraft Systems Engine Cooling Systems This instrument is calibrated in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, and is usually color coded with a green arc to indicate the normal operating range. A red line on the instrument indicates maximum allowable cylinder head temperature.

Aircraft Systems Engine Cooling Systems To avoid excessive cylinder head temperatures, increase airspeed, enrich the mixture, and/or reduce power. Any of these procedures help to reduce the engine temperature.

Aircraft Systems Engine Cooling Systems On aircraft equipped with cowl flaps, use the cowl flap positions to control the temperature. Cowl flaps are hinged covers that fit over the opening through which the hot air is expelled.

Aircraft Systems Engine Cooling Systems If the engine temperature is high, the cowl flaps can be opened to permit a greater flow of air through the system, thereby decreasing the engine temperature.

Questions / Comments

Class Summary Engine Cooling Carburetor heat is an anti-icing system that preheats the air before it reaches the carburetor, and is intended to keep the fuel/air mixture above the freezing temperature to prevent the formation of carburetor ice.

Class Summary Oil Systems In a fuel injection system, the fuel is injected directly into the cylinders, or just ahead of the intake valve.

Questions / Comments

Lesson Closure - 3 – 2 - 1 2. List 2 things you have questions about today’s lesson. 3. List 3 things you learned today. 1. Create (1) quiz question with answer about today’s lesson.