© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Chapter 11 Health Psychology: Stress, Coping, and Well-being

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part MODULE 34: Stress and Coping How is health psychology a union between medicine and psychology? What is stress, how does it affect us, and how can we best cope with it?

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Introduction Health psychology: Investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI): Study of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Stress: Reacting to Threat and Challenge People’s response to events that are threatening or challenging Stressors Circumstances and events in life Stressors produce threats to our well-being

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part The Nature of Stressors: My Stress Is Your Pleasure Stress varies according to individuals Bungee jumping For people to consider an event stressful, they must: Perceive it as threatening or challenging Lack all the resources to deal with it effectively

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Categorizing Stressors Occur suddenly and typically affect many people simultaneously Cataclysmic Events Major life events Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Personal Stressors Daily hassles Uplifts: Minor positive events Background Stressors

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part The High Cost of Stress Both biological and psychological consequences Psychophysiological disorders: Medical problems influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties Stress affects us in multiple ways Increases the risk of illness Slow recovery from diseases Reduce ability to cope with stress in future

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part The General Adaptation Syndrome Model: The Course of Stress Physiological response to stress follows the same set pattern regardless of the cause of stress Three phases: Alarm and mobilization Resistance Exhaustion

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) PNI focuses on the outcomes of stress Main consequences of stress: Physiological results Harmful behaviors Indirect health-related behaviors

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Figure 5 - Three Major Types of Consequences of Stress

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Coping with Stress Managing emotions in the face of stress, seeking to change the way one feels about or perceives a problem Emotion-focused Coping Attempting to modify the stressful problem or source of stress Problem-focused Coping Use more direct escape routes, such as drug or alcohol use Least effective Avoidant Coping

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Coping with Stress People also use: Defense mechanisms - Unconscious strategies to reduce anxiety by concealing the source from themselves and others Emotional insulation - Stops experiencing emotions and thereby remains unaffected and unmoved by both positive and negative experiences

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Coping with Stress Learned helplessness Occurs when people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled Cease trying to remedy the aversive circumstances even if they actually can exert some influence on the situation Experience more physical symptoms and depression

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Coping with Stress Coping styles: The hardy personality Hardiness: Characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness Three components: Commitment Challenge Control Resilience - Ability to withstand, overcome, and thrive after profound adversity

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Coping with Stress Social support: Turning to others Mutual network of caring, interested others Enables us to experience lower levels of stress and be better able to cope with stress we do undergo

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part MODULE 35: Psychological Aspects of Illness and Well-Being How do psychological factors affect health- related problems such as coronary heart disease, cancer, and smoking?

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part The As, Bs, and Ds of Coronary Heart Disease Type A behavior pattern: Cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven Type B behavior pattern: Characterized by a patient, cooperative, noncompetitive, and nonaggressive manner Type D behavior pattern: Insecurity, anxiety, and the negative outlook puts them at risk for repeated heart attacks

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Psychological Aspects of Cancer Emotional responses of cancer patients to their disease may affect its course Some psychological therapies have the potential for improving quality of life and even extending the lives of cancer patients

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Smoking Why people smoke Heredity Genetics Environmental factors Seen as “cool” Media exposure A “rite of passage”

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Smoking Quitting smoking Nicotine replacement drugs Behavioral strategies Changes in societal norms and attitudes toward the habit Long-term effect of information about the negative consequences Smoking

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part MODULE 36: Promoting Health and Wellness How do our interactions with physicians affect our health and compliance with medical treatment? How does a sense of well-being develop?

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Following Medical Advice Noncompliance Result of misunderstanding medical directions Creative nonadherence Alter a treatment prescribed by a physician by substituting their own medical judgment

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Communicating Effectively with Health-Care Providers Make a list of health-related concerns before your visit Before visit write down names and dosages of all medications Determine whether your provider will communicate via If you feel intimidated, bring along an advocate who can help you communicate Take notes during the visit

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Following Medical Advice Increasing compliance with advice Provide clear instructions to patients regarding drug regimens Honesty about nature of medical problems and treatments Positively framed messages - Change in behavior will lead to a gain Negatively framed messages - Highlight what can be lost by not performing a behavior

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Well-Being and Happiness Subjective well-being: People’s sense of their happiness and satisfaction with their lives Characteristics of happy people Have high self-esteem - Positive illusions Have a firm sense of control Are optimistic Men and women are generally made happy by the same sorts of activities But not always Like to be around other people

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Well-Being and Happiness Money does not buy happiness Set points for happiness Most people’s set point is relatively high 30% rate selves as “very happy” Despite the ups and downs of life, most people adapt to life by returning to a steady-state level of happiness