Solar System Missions Division ILWS Science in the Solar System Hermann J. Opgenoorth Solar System Missions Division Research and Science Support Department ESA - ESTEC

Solar System Missions Division Ulysses Milestones Launch: 6 Oct 1990 by space shuttle Discovery Polar Passes: 1994 (south) / 1995 (north) 2000 (south) / 2001 (north) 2006/7 (south) / 2007/8 (north) End of Prime Mission: 30 Sep 1995 ESA Extensions of Scientific Operations : Jun 1993 SPC: 1 Oct 1995 – 31 Dec 2001 (6.2 yrs) Jun 2000 SPC: 1 Jan 2002 – 30 Sep 2004 (2.75 yrs) Feb 2004 SPC: 1 Oct 2004 – 31 Mar 2008 (3.5 yrs)

Solar System Missions Division Ulysses 3rd round over the sun’s poles

Solar System Missions Division SOHO - our eye on the Sun

Solar System Missions Division 10 Years of SOHO > 2500 refereed papers by > 2300 scientists > 140 Ph.D. theses > 1000 comets > 2,000,000 command blocks sent to the spacecraft > 100,000,000 exposures MDI > 16 TB in SOHO archive > 85 TB of data served > 275,000,000 web page requests served

Solar System Missions Division SOHO’s Future Current mission extension until 12/2009 Joint programs with HINODE and STEREO 08/2008: Launch of “next-generation SOHO”: SDO 2009: cross-calibration of MDI/EIT with SDO > 2010: reduced automated mission (Bonus/Bogart mission) (coronagraphs, TSI,…)

Solar System Missions Division magnetopause cusp lobe magnetosheath solar wind plasma sheet bow shock Scientific regions visited by Cluster: dayside February

Solar System Missions Division magnetopause cusp lobe magnetosheath solar wind plasma sheet bow shock Scientific regions visited by Cluster: nightside September

Solar System Missions Division Cluster milestones Cluster I launched by Ariane 5 (failure): 4 June 1996 Cluster II first Launch: 16 July 2000 by Soyuz Fregat (first ESA spacecraft from Baikonour) Second launch: 10 August 2000 by Soyuz Fregat End of Prime Mission: 1 February 2003 First extension: 1 Feb Dec full orbit coverage Cluster active archive startup: Feb nd extension: 1 Jan Dec (mid-term review end 2007)

Solar System Missions Division C1,C2,C3 C3,C4 cusp tail C1C1 C2C2 C3C3 C4C4 d Separation distances changed every 6 months 50km! “Multiscale”

ESA Support to Hinode ESA, in sub-contractual collaboration with the Norwegian Space Centre, provides one additional downlink contact to Solar-B for each of the 15 orbits per day This support considerably improves the overall scientific data return and the cadence of observations from the Solar-B mission The European scientific community is catered with processed data through a dedicated Solar B data centre at the University of Oslo MoU with JAXA two European members on the Hinode SWT were appointed this spring.

Solar System Missions Division Reasons: Possibility to track all 15 orbits per day Antenna redundancy, and also strong Norwegian interest in the mission. Svalbard Ground Station for Hinode

Solar System Missions Division Aurora at Earth Jupiter Saturn

Solar System Missions Division Mars plasma environment ASPERA Characterisation of the planetary wind composition (atomic & molecular O + ) away from the solar wind. Solar wind scavenging of the atmosphere down to 270 km altitude, representing a major mechanism in neutral atmospheric degassing and past climate change. Planetary heavy ions accelerated up to very high energies. For the first time, ”radiation” of fast atoms is observed at Mars. Current escape rate of Martian atmosphere (solar minimum). Solar wind Planetary wind ≈100 ton/day Planetary wind (O + )

Solar System Missions Division VENUS - Express : Plasma environment seen by ASPERA and MAG B e-e- i+i+ BS Magnetosheath BS SW IPIP Induced Magnetosphere

Solar System Missions Division Bepi Colombo Two satellites to Mercury’s magnetosphere

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European ILWS Strategy in an Overview Major ESA Support or ESA – ledModest ESA Support Strong ESA/SCI endorsement 1 Sun and Solar Wind Energy Source Soho & Ulysses ext. Solar Orbiter BC–MMO SolarSent. Solar – B grnd. stat. Coronagraph (MoO) Stereo grnd. stat L1 mission(s) Solar - ISS Proba - 2 2a Ionosphere - Thermosphere Energy deposition Swarm To be identified Demeter Ravens 2b Magnetosphere Energy conversion Cluster / DSP extension M 3 development NLM’s candidates tbi Orbitals Frisbee National Multi-Sats 3 Sun and Climate End-to-End Observ. _ TSI M of Opp / C-Ph Picard & Earthshine _ 4 Data Exploitation, Analysis & Models Cluster Active Archive (CAA) SDO DB or EN-SVO Stereo / Solar–B GrSt Model and Theory Space Weather / GB

European ILWS Strategy in an Overview Major ESA Support or ESA – led Modest ESA Support Strong ESA/SCI endorsement 1 Sun and Solar Wind Energy Source Soho & Ulysses ext. Solar Orbiter <== BC–MMO SolarSent. Solar – B grnd. stat. Coronagraph (Soho B Miss.) <=== Stereo grnd. Stat L1 mission(s)> KuaFu A Solar - ISS (D/HME) == Proba - 2 2a Ionosphere - Thermosphere Energy deposition Swarm To be identified Demeter Ravens -> KuaFu B 2b Magnetosphere Energy conversion Cluster / DSP extension Cross-Scale (CV15-25) NLM’s (?) candidates tbi Orbitals -> RBSP ? Frisbee (?) Natnl. Multi-Sats(?) 3 Sun and Climate End-to-End Observ. SOHO Bonus <== Mission (TSI) TSI - Mission of Opp. Earthshine (?) Picard (CNES) 4 Data Exploitation, Analysis & Models Cluster Active Archive (CAA) SDO DB or EN-SVO Stereo / Solar–B GrSt Model and Theory Space Weather / GB

ESA - EOP Living Planet 3-satellite mission to study core dynamics and geodynamo processes, crustal magnetisation, and ocean circulation from low Earth orbit. Ionosphere-magnetosphere current systems and magnetic forcing of the upper atmosphere need to be derived and taken care of - “one man’s noise is another man’s data” Selected by Earth Obs. Program Board for Launch in 2009 (now 2010) Electric Field Instrument (Ion Drift Meter) provided by CSA in collaboration with ESA Science Programme For optimisation of GEOSPACE science capabilities an additional electron instrument “Conducto-meter” was discussed - but not achieved Science operation and data products will be organised and shared between D/EOP and D/SCI (Definition process soon to be initiated) ILWS Future Missions - SWARM

Solar System Missions Division PROBA - 2 ESA Technology Demonstrator Project for On-Board Autonomy within ESA D/TEC Successor of PROBA1 (launched in 2001, dedicated to Earth observation) ESA mission with Belgium as lead funder (through GSTP) Prime contractor: Verhaert Design & Devl. (Belgium) Schedule: development and launch 2008 into an LEO Sun-synchronous orbit Following a proposal to the ESA NLM programme the Proba-2 science operation has been «adopted« for a 2 year mission duration by the May 2006 SPC meeting - at a cost of 2.8 Meuro for ESA.

Solar System Missions Division Solar Orbiter Next major Solar and Heliospheric mission ESA ILWS flagship Now with the Inner Heliospheric Sentinels

24 SENTINELS Report of the Science and Technology Definition Team available at

Solar System Missions Division ESA’s Cosmic Vision, Themes: 1.What are the conditions for life and planetary formation? 2.How does the Solar System work? From the Sun to the edge of the Solar System (including the “hierarchy of scales” in plasma-physical processes) Gaseous Giants and their Moons The Building Blocks of the Solar System: Asteroids and Small Bodies 3.What are the fundamental laws of the Universe? 4.How did the Universe originate and what is it made of?

Solar System Missions Division ESA’s Cosmic Vision, Call issued in March 2007, Input due June Outlook from received Letters of Intent: In total 9 proposals in realm of ILWS expected (all M Class) 5 Solar missions already listed in Solar TG report 2 Magnetospheric 1 “IT” mission in margin of IT TG interest 1 Heliospheric missions (with long time frame) Downselection into 6 out of 64 expected proposals in 2007 Downselection into 2 flight opportunities - 1 M & 1 L Class after 2 years of competitive study in 2009/2010 Followed be AO for new slice of CV “programme”. (formally there will be no programmatic approach…)

Solar System Missions Division Other ESA News Science Programme Review Team (SPRT) Ongoing Plans to create Opportunities for Collaborations Reorganisation of RSSD & New Science Operation Scheme Bilateral Meetings in 2007 NASA, JAXA still to come: China, Russia