Histone protein modification I- Histone acetylation /deacetylation II- Histone phosphrylation/dephosphrylation

Histone protein modification I- Histone acetylation /deacetylation The mechanism by which transcriptional activator and transcriptional repressors work. Acetylation results in more opened chromatin structure

Histone protein modification II- Histone phosphrylation/dephosphrylation Phosphorylated histones are present in transcriptionally active regions.

Mitochondrial DNA What kind of disease this might be ?

Mitochondrial DNA This is called as well maternal inheritance

Recombinant DNA technology How to put gene expression to work An introduction to genetic engineering

Gene cloning Insert a new DNA within the genome of a certain organism Transformed organism will acquire a new character

What will happen ?if we cut the DNA and inject it into the desired cell

Can we inject the DNA directly into the cell

Identify the gene border first ORF Of the gene

Secondly, Identify the promoter area Types of promoters Endogenous Exogenous

Cut the gene of interst with restriction enzymes

Select a compatible cloning vector

Types of cloning vectors Plasmid Cosmid BAC YAC

Expression vectors Add a ribosome binding site

Transform into the bacterial cell to replicate the plas mid along with the gene of interest

Competent cells

Example insulin

Cancer genetics Types of cancer tumors” -Benign Malignant Metastasis

DNA of cancer patient is able to transform normal cells into cancerous cells?

Cancer development Normal cell needs multiple mutations to develop cancer Cancer needs years to occur One mutated cell can give millions of mutated cells over years

How cancer develop

Cancer sometimes occurs naturally within the cell without an apparent reason Do you think there are other factors that might induce its development?

In our bodies, we have up to 50 genes that can be called protooncogenes If protooncogene becomes mutated or transformed into oncogene, the host cell becomes malignant

Pyton Rous experiment with chicken ( another meaning of transformation)

Virus !

Other factors Diets Toxins Mutagens UV and radiation