Fungi By Jacob Squicciarini and Adryan Cheeseboro

Chapter Overview What is a fungus? What makes up a fungus? Fungal evolution Reproductive vocab Types of fungus Microsporidia Chytrids Zygospore fungi Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota

What is a Fungus? Saprobes – Absorb nutrients from dead organic matter. Parasites – Absorb nutrients from living hosts. Mutualists – live close to or on living host in a way that benefits both organisms. A fungus is any organism that is part of the kingdom Fungi which is separate from plants, animals, protists and bacteria. All fungi have chitin in their cell walls. Fungi survive by absorptive heterotrophy.

What makes up a Fungus? Unicellular Fungi o Unicellular fungi are known as yeasts. o Yeasts live in moist environments and absorb nutrients directly across their cell surfaces. Multicellular Fungi o The body of a fungus is called the mycelium. o The mycelium is composed of individual tubular filaments called hyphae. Septa Nuclei Cell Wall Septate Coenocytic

Fungal Evolution Modern fungi are believed to have evolved from a unicellular protist ancestor that had a flagellum. Unicellular protist with flagellum Fungi Animals Plants

Important Reproductive Vocab Plasmogomy – The fusion of the cytoplasm of two cells. Karyogamy – The fusion of two nuclei from different cells. Spore – Unit of asexual reproduction. Dikaryon – cell that contains two nuclei. Mating Types – No male and female.

Types of Fungus There are six major groups of fungus. 1.Microsporidia 2.Chytrids 3.Zygospore Fungi (Zygomycota) 4.Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (Glomeromycota) 5.Sac Fungi (Ascomycota) 6.Club Fungi (Basidiomycota)

Microsporidia Characteristics o Unicellular (yeasts) o Among the smallest eukaryotes known o No mitochondria o Strictly intracellular parasites of animals Reproduction

Chytrids (Chytridiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, and Blastocladiomycota) Characteristics o Aquatic o Only fungi with flagella at any life cycle stage o Parasitic or saprobic Reproduction o Sexually or asexually o Gametes have flagella

Zygospore Fungi (Zgomycota) Characteristics o Saprobes, parasites of insects and spiders, or mutualists of other fungi and invertebrate animals. o Only one diploid cell (zygote) in entire life cycle. o Coenocytic hyphae Reproduction

Glomeromycota common name: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi The Glomeromycota have generally coenocytic (occasionally sparsely septate) mycelia and reproduce asexually through blastic development of the hyphal tip to produce spores. a type of mycorrhiza in which the fungus penetrates the cortical cells of the roots of a vascular plant. REPRODUCION

Ascomycota common name: Sac Fungi Reproduction  Asexual (1N) -Haploid cloning by 2 processes Asexual – conidia  Sexual -Alternation between haploid and short-lived diploid stages Sexual – Ascus - Meiosis -Produce 1N spores for sexual reproduction The products of meiosis in sac fungi are borne in a microscopic sac called ascus. The fleshy fruiting bodies consist of both dikaryotic and haploid hyphae.

Basidiomycota common name: Club fungi Reproduction Hyphae fuse to form heterokaryotic mycelium Mixed cytoplasm of haploid nuclei Fusion of haploid nuclei into diploid nucleus in basidium Meiosis in basidium produces haploid (1N) spores Spores grow into hyphae In club fungi, the products of meiosis are borne exposed on pedestals called basidia. Fruiting bodies consist solely of dikaryotic hyphae, and the dikaryotic phasecan last a long time.

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