Communication Techniques Design Team 2 Luke LaPointe Nick Timpf Mark VanCamp Brent Woodman Steve Zuraski Design Team 2 Luke LaPointe Nick Timpf Mark VanCamp Brent Woodman Steve Zuraski

Parallel Communication Simultaneous data bit transfer Parallel Communication Simultaneous data bit transfer tor_End.jpg

Characteristics of Parallel Parallel Communication Clock – Indicates if data is valid Crosstalk – EMI Clock Skew – Transfer Speed – Distance limited Other Signals – Handshaking – Directional Control Parallel Communication Clock – Indicates if data is valid Crosstalk – EMI Clock Skew – Transfer Speed – Distance limited Other Signals – Handshaking – Directional Control

Parallel ATA Parallel Communication Parallel ATA ( PATA ) – Former Standard data storage connection Hard disks, Solid State Drives, CD ROM – Max. cable length of 18 inches Clock Skewing Parallel Communication Parallel ATA ( PATA ) – Former Standard data storage connection Hard disks, Solid State Drives, CD ROM – Max. cable length of 18 inches Clock Skewing

Parallel Front Side Bus Parallel Communication Front Side Bus ( FSB ) … – Link between CPU and Memory controller – Low cost –Allows multi-core processing Parallel Communication Front Side Bus ( FSB ) … – Link between CPU and Memory controller – Low cost –Allows multi-core processing

Parallel Front Side Bus Parallel Communication Front Side Bus ( FSB ) –Max throughput Width (Bytes) * CLK Freq * Transfers per CLK Cycle 32 bits ( 4 Bytes) * 200MHz * 2 xfers per cycle = 1600 MB/s – Fading Technology Parallel Communication Front Side Bus ( FSB ) –Max throughput Width (Bytes) * CLK Freq * Transfers per CLK Cycle 32 bits ( 4 Bytes) * 200MHz * 2 xfers per cycle = 1600 MB/s – Fading Technology Transfer rate [MB/s] Frequency [MHz]CPU Dec-40Intel Intel Intel Pentium Intel Celeron Intel Pentium III AMD Athlon XP Intel Pentium Intel Pentium M VIA C Intel Core 2

Parallel IEEE-488 Bus Parallel Communication Laboratory Instrumentation Bus IEEE-488 Short-Range Been in use for over 30 years: Designed late 1960s Commonly known as HP-IB Daisy Chain Connections Employs 16 signal lines: –8 bi-directional used for data transfer –3 for handshake –5 for bus management Parallel Communication Laboratory Instrumentation Bus IEEE-488 Short-Range Been in use for over 30 years: Designed late 1960s Commonly known as HP-IB Daisy Chain Connections Employs 16 signal lines: –8 bi-directional used for data transfer –3 for handshake –5 for bus management

Parallel Considerations Parallel Communication Three Criteria when Choosing Parallel 1.Speed – Bit Rate and Skew 2.Cable Length – Crosstalk 3.Complexity – Simple −Requires only a latch to copy data to the data bus Parallel Communication Three Criteria when Choosing Parallel 1.Speed – Bit Rate and Skew 2.Cable Length – Crosstalk 3.Complexity – Simple −Requires only a latch to copy data to the data bus

New Parallel use in RF Parallel Communication Use of Parallel Communication in RF Communication –In place of Morse Code (one bit at a time) –Multi-input Multi-output –Groups of Bits Called “Symbols” –Recent Techniques such as DVB-T have transmitted over 6048 bits in parallel. Parallel Communication Use of Parallel Communication in RF Communication –In place of Morse Code (one bit at a time) –Multi-input Multi-output –Groups of Bits Called “Symbols” –Recent Techniques such as DVB-T have transmitted over 6048 bits in parallel.

Serial Communication Overview The process of sending data one bit at a time sequentially over a communication channel. Overview The process of sending data one bit at a time sequentially over a communication channel.

Why use serial? Benefits Ideal over long distances –Much cheaper than Parallel Can Operate at a faster frequency than parallel Synchronization Difficulties Reduced –Less wires to worry about Benefits Ideal over long distances –Much cheaper than Parallel Can Operate at a faster frequency than parallel Synchronization Difficulties Reduced –Less wires to worry about

Purpose for Synchronization Synchronization must be established for data transfer to occur. tor_End.jpg

Two Basic Types Synchronous Regulated by an external clock –Requires an extra wire for clock signal Asynchronous Regulated by special signals along transmission lines Synchronous Regulated by an external clock –Requires an extra wire for clock signal Asynchronous Regulated by special signals along transmission lines tor_End.jpg

Synchronous Utilizes two different signals on separate lines –First signal is clock signal that is shared between the two devices –Second signal carries the data Utilizes two different signals on separate lines –First signal is clock signal that is shared between the two devices –Second signal carries the data

Asynchronous Signals are specified by predetermined data transfer protocols. Preset frequency between devices –Signaling sequence specifying beginning and ending of signal Frequency set at beginning of transfer –Signaling sequence specifies beginning and ending of signal as well as transfer rate Signals are specified by predetermined data transfer protocols. Preset frequency between devices –Signaling sequence specifying beginning and ending of signal Frequency set at beginning of transfer –Signaling sequence specifies beginning and ending of signal as well as transfer rate

Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter UART Common Serial Port used on ICs –Used to convert parallel data to serial Utilizes shift registers Common Serial Port used on ICs –Used to convert parallel data to serial Utilizes shift registers

Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter UART Uses start and stop bits –Alerts receiver of incoming data –Synchronizes clocks for transfer Typically 8 data bits Uses start and stop bits –Alerts receiver of incoming data –Synchronizes clocks for transfer Typically 8 data bits

Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter UART Can use parity bits –Used for error checking Clock signal runs faster than the data transfer rate –Technique used to distinguish noise from signal Data read into shift register –When all data is read flag is set Possibly triggering an interrupt Can use parity bits –Used for error checking Clock signal runs faster than the data transfer rate –Technique used to distinguish noise from signal Data read into shift register –When all data is read flag is set Possibly triggering an interrupt

RS-232 Standard UART can use RS-232 Standard to communicate to PC Standard establishes required voltages –Driver chip UART can use RS-232 Standard to communicate to PC Standard establishes required voltages –Driver chip

Serial Communication Bluetooth Why ???? NO CABLES !!!!! Bluetooth Why ???? NO CABLES !!!!!

Serial Communication Bluetooth WPAN -Wireless Personal Area Network  ~ 30 ft Radius  Multiple devices Bluetooth WPAN -Wireless Personal Area Network  ~ 30 ft Radius  Multiple devices

Serial Communication Bluetooth Frequency Hopping 79 channels  V GHz antenna to boost throughput Bluetooth Frequency Hopping 79 channels  V GHz antenna to boost throughput

Serial Communication Bluetooth Simulates serial ports –RFCOMM Protocol Maps Ports for devices Sets up the buffers in memory –Transparent to legacy serial devices Bluetooth Simulates serial ports –RFCOMM Protocol Maps Ports for devices Sets up the buffers in memory –Transparent to legacy serial devices

Serial Communication Bluetooth –Required to set up automatically Finds signal and accepts it Uses one-time key and optional encryption Devices are recognized in the future Bluetooth –Required to set up automatically Finds signal and accepts it Uses one-time key and optional encryption Devices are recognized in the future

Wireless Local Area Network WLAN Wi-Fi –a, b, g, n Ad hoc mode Network Cards –PCI Wi-Fi –a, b, g, n Ad hoc mode Network Cards –PCI

Wireless Local Area Network WLAN vs. Bluetooth Distance –Many Access points Speed/Frequency Cost Power Consumption vs. Bluetooth Distance –Many Access points Speed/Frequency Cost Power Consumption

Wireless Local Area Network WLAN vs. Bluetooth Younger Technology –Room to Grow Coexist? –Intersil, Silicon Wave and Mobilian Winner? vs. Bluetooth Younger Technology –Room to Grow Coexist? –Intersil, Silicon Wave and Mobilian Winner?

QUESTIONS