Wake-up 1.Explain the difference between acid deposition and global warming. 2.What is urbanization?

EOC Review #6: Ecology

Two Laws that Allow Ecosystems to Function: #2 The Cycling of Nutrients Nutrients = Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus

Water cycle

Carbon Cycle

Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere!!!!

BUT it is in a form that organisms are unable to use

Why do we need NITROGEN?

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, found on plant roots in nodules, are able to change this unusable gas into a usable form

Nitrogen cycle

Ecology Basics – Food Webs and Energy Flow

Identify 3 Abiotic and Biotic Factors in the Picture Below

Levels of Organization within the Environment 1.INDIVIDUA L or SPECIES: One organism

Levels of Organization within the Environment 2. POPULATION: Group of similar individuals/species

Levels of Organization within the Environment 3. COMMUNITY: Group of populations living together

Levels of Organization within the Environment 4. ECOSYSTEM: All the communities (biotic) “living” with the abiotic parts of the environment

Levels of Organization within the Environment 5. BIOSPHERE: All the ecosystems on the planet

Two Laws that Allow Ecosystems to Function: #1 The Flow of Energy; The Sun is the ULTIMATE source of energy for living things

Organism can feed using two methods: Autotroph/Producer Organisms make their own food in their cells - automatically

Energy source for Producer Sun

Example of Producers: PLANTS

Bacteria

Phytoplankton (phyto=light)

Organism can feed using two methods: Heterotroph/Consumer Organisms cannot make their own food in their cells – need to eat/consume

Herbivore Consumer that eats ONLY producers

Carnivore: Consumer that eats ONLY other “meat”; other consumers

Omnivore: Consumer that eats BOTH producers and consumers

Scavenger: Consumer that eats the remains of dead/decaying organisms

Decomposer: Consumer that breaks down the remains of dead/decaying organisms; returns nutrients to the producers

Each organism in a food chain has a trophic level; A trophic level is a feeding level

Energy Flow in Ecosystem Sun is the ultimate energy source in ecosystems

How much energy is lost? 90% of the energy is lost; only 10% available energy moves to the next trophic level

Energy Pyramid Diagram representing the amount of available energy

Community Interactions

Spider and Insect The spider is eating an insect that it has trapped.

Predator-Prey

OxPecker Bird and Hoofed Mammal The oxpecker eats parasites on the mammal which is food for the bird and removal of danger for the mammal

Mutualism

Whale and Barnacle The barnacle larvae swim around, attach to the whale. This habitat is a good one for providing food. The whale does not “appear” to be harmed.

Commensalism

Wasp and Hornworm Larva Adult wasps insert their eggs beneath the skin of the hornworm larva. The eggs hatch and the young feed hornworm until they form a pupa. The worm is killed.

Parasitism

Populations

Factors that can cause a population change: 1. Number of Births

Factors that can cause a population change: 2. Number of Deaths

Factors that can cause a population change: 3. Immigration- Coming into a new environment

Factors that can cause a population change: 4. Emigration: Leaving an environment

J-Shaped Growth Curve # of Individuals Time Exponential Growth

S-Shaped Growth Curve (Logistic) # of Individuals Time

Explanation of Acid Deposition Rain, sleet, or snow that have a low pH; it is acidic. Natural rain has a pH of about 5.6; Acid rain has a pH less than 5.6

Sources: Industrial and Vehicle Emissions; Burning Coal

Global Warming The gradual increase in the temperature of the earth's atmosphere due to increased amounts of greenhouse gases.

Sources of Increased Greenhouse Gases: Burning of Fossil Fuels

Habitat Destruction A natural habitat is damaged or destroyed; it is no longer capable of supporting the species that live there.

Urbanization: Development of cities

Invasive Species Non-native species that threaten ecosystems, habitats, or species

What is a Pesticide? Chemical used to kill “pests” or unwanted organisms

DDT – Pesticide introduced in the 1940s Used to control malaria, typhus, and for insect control in crop, livestock, homes, and gardens.

Increase in concentration of a substance in food chains * Biomagnification