Module 5 Space Environment1 Traveling in Space Ted Spitzmiller Author Pilot Dreamer

Module 5 Space Environment2 The Universe Everything we are aware of is a part of the known universe –Stars –Galaxies –Planets –Plants –Animals –Humans All made from the same elements

Module 5 Space Environment3 Galaxies Enormous collections of stars Our Galaxy is called the Milky Way Scientists estimate that our Milky Way has 100 Billion stars… many with planets

Module 5 Space Environment4 The Sun is a Star Center of our solar system A Hot body of Helium and Hydrogen gas Temperatures reach 15,000,000° Some stars have planets orbiting them

Module 5 Space Environment5 The Solar System Outer – Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Inner – Mars Earth Venus Mercury

Module 5 Space Environment6 Relative Size of Planets Closest to the Sun Furthest from Sun Largest planet Rotates counter-clockwise Atmosphere is 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen The “Red” Planet Pluto Neptune Uranus Saturn Jupiter Mars Earth Venus Mercury Sun

Module 5 Space Environment7 Space – the Final Frontier? The region of the universe beyond earth Great distances between significant bodies –Moon 240,000 miles –Planets 20,000,000 (Venus) –Sun 93,000,000 miles –Galaxies Light years A light year is 6 trillion miles

Module 5 Space Environment8 Characteristics of Space Defined as starting 62 miles above the earth Very few molecules (low pressure - almost a vacuum) No oxygen Very cold Little gravity (microgravity) Thickness of the atmosphere

Module 5 Space Environment9 Our Moon ¼ the size of the Earth Orbits the earth in 28 days Rotates on its axis once each 28 days –Lunar day is 28 earth days Far side never viewable from Earth

Module 5 Space Environment10 Meteors Meteoroids –rocks 10 meters or less –drift through space Meteor –If it enters the Earth’s atmosphere Meteorite –If it strikes the earth before burning up

Module 5 Space Environment11 Asteroids Often called minor planets or planetoids Larger than 10 meters Primarily inner Solar System Smaller than planets

Module 5 Space Environment12 Comets Composed of frozen gases, dust and ice Have no light source but reflect sunlight Tail –shaped by Solar wind –always points away from the sun

Module 5 Space Environment13 The Universe A Wonder of God’s creation But how can we explore it? There is no air out there

Rockets Module 414 Rockets Saturn V

Rockets Module 415 Chinese Invent Gunpowder First ‘solid fuel’ 1200 AD

Rockets Module 416Rockets Module 416 Gun Powder Mixture of: 15% charcoal, fuel to burn—carbon (C) 75% saltpeter (KNO 3 potassium nitrate) oxygen 10% Sulfur (S), also a fuel –lowers ignition temperature to increase speed of burning Charcoal color is why it is often called “black Powder”

Rockets Module 417 Solid Fuel Rockets William Hale ( ) devised spin stabilized rockets ‘Spin it’ or ‘fin it’ Solid fuel stored Combustion Chamber Exhaust nozzle

How does a rocket work? Module 5 Space Environment18

Rockets Module 419 Newton’s Three Laws of Motion Sir Isaac Newton First Law - A body at rest tends to stay at rest; a body in motion tends to stay in motion Second Law – Force equals mass times acceleration Third Law - For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction Reaction Action

Rockets Module 420 Father of Modern Rocketry Robert Goddard Experimentalist Launched first successful liquid fuel rocket March 16, 1926

Rockets Module 421 Basic Liquid Fuel Rocket Engine Fuel Oxygen OxygenFuel

Rockets Module 422

Rockets Module 423 Major Systems of a Rocket 46

Rockets Module 424 First Artificial Earth Satellite Sputnik - Soviet Union Launched in 1957 (Russia) Sergei Korolev Began the Space Race

What is a Satellite? Module 5 Space Environment25

Going into orbit Module 5 Space Environment26 Throwing a football 5,000 mph

Module 5 Space Environment27 Going into orbit Module 5 Space Environment27 Throwing a football 10,000 mph

Module 5 Space Environment28 Going into orbit Module 5 Space Environment28 Throwing a football 18,000 mph

Rockets Module 429 First Man in Space Yuri Gagarin Russian (USSR) April 12, 1961 One orbit of the earth

Rockets Module 430 Alan Shepard First American in Space Flew in the Mercury Spacecraft NOT and orbital flight 115 Miles up and down May 1961

Rockets Module 431 First American to Orbit John Glenn - February, 1962 Launched by the Atlas

Rockets Module 432

Rockets Module 433 Man in Space Vostok First man in space Yuri Gagarin 1961 Mercury First American in Orbit John Glenn 1962 Gemini First Rendezvous 1965 Apollo First man to walk the Moon - Neil Armstrong 1969

Rockets Module 434 International Space Station

Spacesuit Module 5 Space Environment35

Rockets Module 436 Comparative Sizes Mercury / Atlas John Glenn 1962 Vostok / R-7 Yuri Gagarin 1961 Saturn V / Apollo Neil Armstrong 1969 Space Shuttle Present

Module 5 Space Environment37 Moon’s Distance and Size Module 5 Space Environment37 Diameter

Moon’s Distance and Size Module 5 Space Environment38 Diameter 8000 miles 2000

Module 5 Space Environment39 Moon’s Relative size to Earth Module 5 Space Environment39 Diameter 8000 miles / /80 1/40 Reduce to lowest common denominator0

Module 5 Space Environment40 Moon’s Distance and Size Module 5 Space Environment40 DiameterDistance 240,000 miles 8000 miles

Module 5 Space Environment41 Moon’s Distance and Size Module 5 Space Environment41 8,0000 milesDistance 240,000 miles One foot

Module 5 Space Environment42Module 5 Space Environment42 Moon’s Distance Module 5 Space Environment42 8,0000 milesDistance 240,000 miles One foot 240,000/8, /8 30/1

Rockets Module 443 First Men on the Moon Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin July 1969 Launched by the Saturn V Effectively ended the Space Race

Rockets Module 444

AEL Presentation45 Journey to Mars

AEL Presentation46 What is Mars Like? Diameter 3,400 KM (4,200 miles) Atmospheric pressure.9 kPa (.2” hg) Atmospheric composition 95% CO 2

Module 5 Space Environment471/17/2016Spacecraft47 Spirit & Opportunity Roving Mars Landed on Mars in 2004 Designed to roam Mars for 3 months Still going strong

Rockets Module 448 Quiz Time Match the Name on the Left with their accomplishment 1.Chinese 2.Sir Isaac Newton 3.Robert Goddard A.Invented Gunpowder rocket B.Father of Modern Rocketry C.Three laws of motion

Rockets Module 449 Quiz Time Match the Name on the Left with the accomplishment 1.Alan Sheppard 2.Neil Armstrong 3.Yuri Gagarin 4.John Glenn 5.Sputnik A.First man to walk on moon B.First American to Orbit C.First Man to Orbit D.First American in space E.First artificial Earth Satellite

Think About Traveling to the Stars! Module 5 Space Environment50

Rockets Module 451 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile ICBM 1960 ICBM able to fly anywhere in the world in 30 minutes Carry 3,000 lb. five megaton hydrogen bomb warhead 8,000 miles

Rockets Module 452 Time Line to Space Tsiolkovsky Goddard Oberth Sputnik ICBM Gagarin & Shepard Von Braun V-2 Glenn Armstrong Skylab Space Shuttle Challenger Columbia Space Race ISS YWB

Rockets Module 453 Rockets – The Space Shuttle