White Man’s Burden or White Man’s Crime? The Age of Imperialism White Man’s Burden or White Man’s Crime?

What is Imperialism? IMPERIALISM is a policy in which one country, or nation, seeks to extend its authority by conquering other countries or by establishing economic and political dominance over other countries. A country or nation that was able to extend its own influence over other countries or peoples became known as an EMPIRE.

The “New” European imperialism

Old vs. New Imperialism: A Comparison Old Imperialism (1450-1750) New Imperialism (1750-1914) Imperial Superpower Colonized Continent(s) Motives European Advantages

Old vs. New Imperialism: A Comparison Old Imperialism (1450-1750) New Imperialism (1750-1914) Imperial Superpower Spain Colonized Continent(s) Motives European Advantages

Old vs. New Imperialism: A Comparison Old Imperialism (1450-1750) New Imperialism (1750-1914) Imperial Superpower Spain Great Britain Colonized Continent(s) Motives European Advantages

Old vs. New Imperialism: A Comparison Old Imperialism (1450-1750) New Imperialism (1750-1914) Imperial Superpower Spain Great Britain Colonized Continent(s) North & South America Motives European Advantages

Old vs. New Imperialism: A Comparison Old Imperialism (1450-1750) New Imperialism (1750-1914) Imperial Superpower Spain Great Britain Colonized Continent(s) North & South America Africa & Asia Motives European Advantages

Old vs. New Imperialism: A Comparison Old Imperialism (1450-1750) New Imperialism ((1750-1914) Imperial Superpower Spain Great Britain Colonized Continent(s) North & South America Africa & Asia Motives “God, Gold & Glory” European Advantages

Old vs. New Imperialism: A Comparison Old Imperialism (1492-1700) New Imperialism (1750-1914) Imperial Superpower Spain Great Britain Colonized Continent(s) North & South America Africa & Asia Motives “God, Gold & Glory” Industrial Raw Materials Nationalism Social Darwinism White Man’s Burden European Advantages

Old vs. New Imperialism: A Comparison Old Imperialism (1492-1700) New Imperialism (1750-1914) Imperial Superpower Spain Great Britain Colonized Continent(s) North & South America Africa & Asia Motives “God, Gold & Glory” Industrial Raw Materials Nationalism Social Darwinism White Man’s Burden European Advantages Guns, Germs, Horses & Iron

Old vs. New Imperialism: A Comparison Old Imperialism (1450-1750) New Imperialism (1750-1914) Imperial Superpower Spain Great Britain Colonized Continent(s) North & South America Africa & Asia Motives “God, Gold & Glory” Industrial Raw Materials Nationalism Social Darwinism White Man’s Burden European Advantages Guns, Germs, Horses & Iron Steamboat, Vaccination & Machine Gun

The Sun never sets on the British Flag! THE BRITISH EMPIRE: The Sun never sets on the British Flag!

The British Empire: An American Perspective

INTELLECTUAL BASIS FOR 19th c. COLONIALISM: Social Darwinism: the application of Charles Darwin’s ideas about evolution and “survival of the fittest” to human societies – particularly as justification for imperialist expansion.

Evidence of the White Man’s Burden: 19th c. British Advertistement For Soap

Maxim Machine Gun

White Man’s Burden or White Man’s Crime? New Imperialism White Man’s Burden or White Man’s Crime?

The Scramble for africa

African Languages Families

Africa, c. 1850

Colonial Africa, 1914

SOURCE: A School in German colony of Cameroon, 1912

SOURCE: Building of a Railroad in Rhodesia (present-day Zimbabwe), late 19th c.

SOURCE: Photograph of young rubber collectors in Belgian Congo (late 19th c.)

The Legacy of Colonial Rule in Africa: White Man’s Burden (positive effects) White Man’s Crime ( negative effects) Economic expansion; new jobs created & slavery abolished Built railroads, roads, dams, telephone & telegraph lines Hospitals, churches, schools & sanitation systems built; native Africans lived longer & learned how to read & write European law & order reduced local warfare African workers paid low wages & taxed highly; treated like 2nd class citizens. Africans lost control of land & independence Local tribal belief systems & village customs destroyed; replaced by European language, religion & culture Artificial boundaries of colonies created w/ no regard for traditional tribal & ethnic groupings caused problems later

New IMPERIAliSM in South Asia

European Presence in India

British India, early 20th c.

SOURCE: British colonial official at home in India, late 19th c.

SOURCE: Hyderabad’s Indian Army Polo Team, late 19th c.

SOURCE: Mohandas K. Gandhi as a young lawyer in South Africa, c. 1906

SOURCE: Gandhi spinning cotton thread, 1929

The Legacy of Colonial Rule in India: White Man’s Burden (positive effects) White Man’s Crime ( negative effects) Brought order & stability to a country often racked by civil war New school system est. (only served elite, upper-class Indians) British officials improved infrastructure (canals, dams, bridges, etc.) By 1900, India has the 3rd largest railroad network in the world Brit. manufactured goods destroyed Indian industries & left thousands unemployed Brit tax collectors forced peasants into tenancy. Switch to large-scale cotton agriculture caused 30 million Indians to die from starvation. Best housing & jobs reserved for British officials. Disrespected India’s cultural heritage by imposing by imposing British customs.

RESISTANCE TO EUROPEAN COLONIALISM

SOURCE: Sepoy Mutiny (a.k.a. Indian Rebellion), 1857-58

SOURCE: Battle of Isandlwana, 1879

SOURCE: First Sino-Japanese War, 1895

SOURCE: Battle of Adowa, 1896

SOURCE: Battle of Manila, 1899

New IMPERIAliSM in East Asia

EAST ASIA BEFORE IMPERIALISM CHINA JAPAN Decentralized, feudal state since 1600 (Tokugawa shogunate) Enjoyed internal peace (1600-1850) Samurai evolved into bureaucratic/administrative class Great economic growth, commercialization, & urban development made it impossible for shoguns to freeze society Westerners expelled in early 17th c. (limited trade to 1 port) Large centralized, unified state (Qing Dynasty) Pop. explosion led to growing pressure on land, impoverishment, starvation Chinese bureaucracy did not keep pace w/ pop. growth Internal conflict : Taiping Uprsing (1850-64) Trade w/ Europeans controlled & limited for centuries

19th c. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN EAST ASIA CHINA JAPAN Western Pressure(s) Responses to the West Modernization Policy Outcome

19th c. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN EAST ASIA CHINA JAPAN Western Pressure(s) British sold large quantities of opium to cover trade imbalance Responses to the West Modernization Policy Outcome

19th c. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN EAST ASIA CHINA JAPAN Western Pressure(s) British sold large quantities of opium to cover trade imbalance U.S. commodore Matthew Perry demands Japan be “opened” to the world Responses to the West Modernization Policy Outcome

19th c. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN EAST ASIA CHINA JAPAN Western Pressure(s) British sold large quantities of opium to cover trade imbalance U.S. commodore Matthew Perry demands Japan be “opened” to the world Responses to the West China fought & lost two Opium Wars w/ the British after trying to stop opium trade Modernization Policy Outcome

19th c. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN EAST ASIA CHINA JAPAN Western Pressure(s) British sold large quantities of opium to cover trade imbalance U.S. commodore Matthew Perry demands Japan be “opened” to the world Responses to the West China fought & lost two Opium Wars w/ the British after trying to stop opium trade Signed Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) with the United States Modernization Policy Outcome

19th c. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN EAST ASIA: A COMPARISON CHINA JAPAN Western Pressure(s) British sold large quantities of opium to cover trade imbalance U.S. commodore Matthew Perry demands Japan be “opened” to the world Responses to the West China fought & lost two Opium Wars w/ the British after trying to stop opium trade Signed Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) with the United States Modernization Policy “Self-strengthening” (1860s & 70s) Outcome

19th c. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN EAST ASIA: A COMPARISON CHINA JAPAN Western Pressure(s) British sold large quantities of opium to cover trade imbalance U.S. commodore Matthew Perry demands Japan be “opened” to the world Responses to the West China fought & lost two Opium Wars w/ the British after trying to stop opium trade Signed Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) with the United States Modernization Policy “Self-strengthening” (1860s & 70s) Meiji Restoration (1868) transforms Japanese society using European models Outcome

19th c. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN EAST ASIA CHINA JAPAN Western Pressure(s) British sold large quantities of opium to cover trade imbalance U.S. commodore Matthew Perry demands Japan be “opened” to the world Responses to the West China fought & lost two Opium Wars w/ the British after trying to stop opium trade Signed Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) with the United States Modernization Policy “Self-strengthening” (1860s & 70s) Meiji Restoration (1868) transforms Japanese society using European models Outcome Europeans est. spheres of influence. Boxer Rebellion (1900). Qing Dynasty collapsed (1911)

19th c. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN EAST ASIA CHINA JAPAN Western Pressure(s) British sold large quantities of opium to cover trade imbalance U.S. commodore Matthew Perry demands Japan be “opened” to the world Responses to the West China fought & lost two Opium Wars w/ the British after trying to stop opium trade Signed Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) with the United States Modernization Policy “Self-strengthening” (1860s & 70s) Meiji Restoration (1868) transforms Japanese society using European models Outcome Europeans est. spheres of influence. Boxer Rebellion (1900). Qing Dynasty collapsed (1911) Japan becomes an industrial , military, & imperial power.

Chinese Opium Addicts

Chinese Opium Den

Commodore Matthew Perry

A Japanese take on Commodore Perry

Emperor Mutsohito (a.k.a. “Meiji”)

Meiji Restoration – One Perspective

Meiji Restoration – Another Perspective

Global Migration CCOT, 1700-1900