their most dependent crop failed to harvest three years in a row Great potato famine over 750,000 people starved to death
fled to escape persecution during the revolt few places other than the U.S. allowed German immigrants
IrishGermans MassachusettsNew York New JerseyBaltimore New YorkCincinnati PennsylvaniaSt. Louis severe unemployment and almost inconceivable hardships from over seven and a half million immigrants came to the U.S.
very low-paying jobs carpenters, clerks, shoemakers/tailors, and domestic servants Many constructed railroads and built canals Low-paying jobs = poor living conditions
natives started the political organization known as the Know-Nothing Party excluded Catholics and immigrants from public office twenty-one years before becoming a citizen