Winning the War; WWI Draws to an End p. 365

Industrial War Challenges Leaders World War I was fought on a titanic scale. Nations realized that victory would require –new thinking –commitment of incredible amounts of resources. Including people.

Total war: The attitude that ALL a country’s resources (including people) must be utilized to defeat the enemy. –This also meant that all the enemy’s resources must be destroyed and were justifiable targets if they were to be defeated. Government also saw the need to control their citizens and resources very closely: –took away rights and freedoms…..

Total war actions: Conscription: –the legal forcing of military-aged men into armed services. Also called “the draft”.

Contraband: Materials that help an enemy fight a war. –a warring nation has the right under international law to confiscate or destroy any contraband owned by or traded with an enemy that helps it make war.

RMS Lusitania: One of Britain’s greatest ocean liners. It was sunk while carrying passengers from New York to Liverpool, in Travelers had been warned by Germany in American newspapers. –Germany considered it had given fair warning.

The U-20 had fired its last torpedo The Lusitania’s captain believed his ship too fast for a U-boat to catch –He sailed in a straight line, making it an easy target for the torpedo to catch.target RMS Lusitania:

Celebrations and awards abounded in Germany for the returning U-20 crew. Shock, horror, and anger manifested in crowds and the media in Britain and America. –Of the 1200 dead, 128 were American. –Investigations in the late 20th and early 21st centuries proved that Lusitania was also carrying contraband. RMS Lusitania:

–The United States threatened to enter the war on the Allied side. »Germany promised not to attack American vessels. »It also promised submarines would surface and announce their attacks »This proved dangerous for the submarines and soon was stopped. RMS Lusitania and submarine warfare

Propaganda: using biased, emotional, and sometimes untrue information to form public opinion. –The goal is to promote a cause or destroy an opposing cause. In war, a government controls or disinforms the media and the public for:

Atrocity: brutal, often murderous, acts by soldiers against innocent people. Armenian genocide by Turks. German massacres of and reprisals against Belgians, even their cats and dogs. –Edith Cavell, p. 367.

Fourteen Points: Woodrow Wilson’s list of terms to end World War I and ensure peace for all in the future. They included: –Freedom of the seas –Free trade –Large-scale weapon reductions –An end to secret treaties (end suspicion and fear between nations) –An international “association” to keep peace in the future. –Self-determination: the right of a people to have their own form of government. –end the need for genocide and terrorism

Armistice: an agreement to end fighting –Does not end a war, however. –The Allies agreed to Germany’s offer. –Shooting stopped on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, of Western Front Allies and Germany Sign the Armistice Paris celebrates London celebrates

Self-determination: the right of a people to have their own form of government. One of Woodrow Wilson’s fourteen-point peace plan. Under this policy, many new nations were created in Europe. –Other nations lost land.

Image, p. 366 Question: It uses emotion by giving men something to fight for Appeals to men’s sense of family, safety, and moral obligation

Standards Check, p. 367 Question: Total war demanded that civilians work tirelessly to produce and conserve goods needed to keep the war going. If civilians were not happy, they might not work well –Or they might protest against the war This would demoralize the soldiers.

Biography, p. 367 Question: They could (and did) use the story as propaganda against the Germans. Germans would be shown as brutal villains who executed an heroic Englishwoman.

Standards Check, p. 368 Question: Poor morale, among other factors, led to revolution in Russia And Russia quitting the war, which weakened the Allies.

Image, p. 368 Question: American soldiers came into the war supplied with resources and training, but hadn’t experienced war on their home soil.

Standards Check, p. 369 Question: Unrestricted submarine warfare Cultural ties The Zimmermann Note Woodrow Wilson’s desire to “make the world safe for democracy”

Standards Check, p. 369 Question: Its last drive failed because the Allies were renewed by American troops. In Germany, domestic violence disrupted the government.