1 ATOMIC ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS AND PERIODICITY

2 Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms Electrons in atoms are arranged as SHELLS (n) SUBSHELLS (l) ORBITALS (m l )

3 n ---> shell1, 2, 3, 4,... l ---> subshell0, 1, 2,... n - 1 m l ---> orbital -l l m s ---> electron spin+1/2 and -1/2 n ---> shell1, 2, 3, 4,... l ---> subshell0, 1, 2,... n - 1 m l ---> orbital -l l m s ---> electron spin+1/2 and -1/2 QUANTUMNUMBERSQUANTUMNUMBERS

4 Pauli Exclusion Principle No two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers. That is, each electron has a unique address.

5 See “Toolbox” for Electron Configuration tool.

6 Electron Filling Order Figure 8.5

7 Writing Atomic Electron Configurations 1 1 s value of n value of l no. of electrons spdf notation for H, atomic number = 1 Two ways to write configs. One is called spdf notation. spdf notation. Two ways to write configs. One is called spdf notation. spdf notation.

8 Writing Atomic Electron Configurations Other is called the orbital box notation. Other is called the orbital box notation. One electron has n = 1, l = 0, m l = 0, m s = + 1/2 Other electron has n = 1, l = 0, m l = 0, m s = - 1/2

9 LithiumLithium Group 1A Atomic number = 3 1s 2 2s 1 3 total electrons

10 BerylliumBeryllium Group 2A Atomic number = 4 1s 2 2s 2 ---> 4 total electrons

11 BoronBoron Group 3A Atomic number = 5 1s 2 2s 2 2p 1 ---> 5 total electrons

12 Carbon: Carbon: Group 4A Atomic number = 6 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 ---> 6 total electrons Here we see for the first time HUND’S RULE. Electrons in orbitals having the same energy are placed singly as long as possible.

13 NitrogenNitrogen Group 5A Atomic number = 7 1s 2 2s 2 2p 3 ---> 7 total electrons HUND’S RULE. When placing electrons in the same energy, we place them singly as long as possible.

14 OxygenOxygen Group 6A Atomic number = 8 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4 ---> 8 total electrons HUND’S RULE. When placing electrons in the same energy, place them singly as long as possible.

15 FluorineFluorine Group 7A Atomic number = 9 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 ---> 9 total electrons

16 NeonNeon Group 8A Atomic number = 10 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 ---> 10 total electrons Note that we have reached the end of the 2nd period, and the 2nd shell is full!

17 SodiumSodium Group 1A Atomic number = 11 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 or “neon core” + 3s 1 [Ne] 3s 1 (uses rare gas notation) All Group 1A elements have [core]ns 1 configurations.

18 CalciumCalcium Group 2A Atomic number = 20 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 [Ar] 4s 2 All Group 2A elements have [core]ns 2 configurations n is the period number. n is the period number.

19 AluminumAluminum Group 3A Atomic number = 13 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1 [Ne] 3s 2 3p 1 Group 3A elements [core] ns 2 np 1. n is the period number.

20 PhosphorusPhosphorus All Group 5A elements have [core ] ns 2 np 3 configurations where n is the period number. Group 5A Atomic number = 15 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 3 [Ne] 3s 2 3p 3

21 Transition Metals Table 8.4. All 4th period elements have the configuration [argon] ns x (n - 1)d y and so are “d-block” elements. Copper Iron Chromium

22 Lanthanides and Actinides All these elements are “f-block” elements. Cerium [Xe] 6s 2 5d 1 4f 1 Uranium [Rn] 7s 2 6d 1 5f 3

23 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table

24 “Your Best Friend” Periodic table