Fungi

Characteristics of fungi  Eukaryote  Heterotroph  Cell wall is present  Do not contain chlorophyll  Heterotrophs  Decomposers (organic matter)  Some are parasites  Some live in mutualistic relationship (mycorrhiza)

Shapes and appearance

Structure  Some fungi are unicellular, others are multicellular  Multicellular fungi have threads / chains of cells called as hyphae  Hyphae grow together to form a mass known as mycelium

Structure

Reproduction  Asexual – Hyphae break and form new fungus – Asexual spores  Sexual – Spores are formed from sex cells – Spores are dispersed and generate new fungi

Classification based on shape and the mode of reproduction  Thread-like fungi ( Bread mold )  Sac fungi ( Yeast, mildew, morels)- Reproduce by budding  Club fungi ( Mushrooms)  Non mushroom club fungi ( Bracket fungi, rust, smut)  Imperfect fungi ( Do not fit in other categories, Penicillium, athlete’s foot)

Lichens  Association of fungi with algae  Unlike fungi, lichens are producers  Found in variety of environments  Soil fertility and colonization

Plants

Eukaryotes Multicellular Autotrophic Cells are surrounded by a cell wall – cellulose Contain chlorophyll Producers in the ecosystem

Characteristics of plants Photosynthesis – Plants make food (glucose) and oxygen by utilizing carbon dioxide and water. Energy for this process is obtained from sunlight

Characteristics of plants Cuticle – Waxy layer that coats the surfaces – Prevents loss of water – Vary in thickness – Depend on climate and environment

Characteristics of plants Cell wall – Outermost layer of the cell – Made up of cellulose – Supports and protect the cell

Characteristics of plants Cell wall

Characteristics of plants Reproduction – Sporophyte – produce spores – Gametophyte – produce gametes

Characteristics of plants Transport of materials – Xylem – a tissue that transports water – Phloem – a tissue that transports food – Collectively called as vascular tissues – Some plants lack vascular tissue

Classification of plants Non-vascular plants – Lack vascular tissue – Small in size – Movement through diffusion – E.g. mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Classification of plants Vascular plants – Contain vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) – Relatively larger in size – May be seedless plants or seed plants – i) seedless plants – donot produce seeds e.g. ferns, horsetails – ii) seed plants – produce seeds, divided into two groups Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) seeds not inside fruit e.g. pine Flowering plants (Angiosperms) seeds inside the fruits e.g. mango

Classification of plants

Seedless plants Non-vascular – Moses, liverworts – Small plants - Leafy stalks and rhizoids

Seedless plants Non-vascular – Importance – Colonization – Decomposition and fertility – Prevent erosion – Sphagnum moss Increase water holding capacity of soil Prevent microbial growth (wound dressing, seed shipment) Dried (insulating material) Monitoring environment

Seedless plants Vascular plants – Ferns

Seedless plants Vascular plants – Importance – Soil formation, prevent erosion – Contribution to fossil fuels – Fiddlehead fern

Seed Plants Characteristics – Produce seeds – Gametophytes are small – Pollens and pollination

Seed Plants Seeds – Young plant, seed coat, stored food

Seed Plants Seeds how animals help seeds grow?

Seed Plants Gymnosperms – Don’t have flowers or fruits – Conifers, ginkgoes etc. – Used for wood – Produce resin – Drugs

Seed Plants Gymnos perms

Seed Plants Gymnosperms – life cycle

Seed Plants Angiosperms – Produce flowers and fruits – Monocots and dicots

Seed Plants Angiosperms – Food, fruits, crops – Wood – Habitat – Seeds and oils – Ornamental – Medicine and pharmaceutical products – Rubber, cotton, fabric, industrial products

Compare life cycle of plants with those of bacteria, protists and fungi