200 pt 300 pt 400 pt 5pt 100 pt 200 pt 300 pt 400 pt 5 pt 100 pt 200 pt 300 pt 400 pt 500 pt 100 pt 200 pt 300 pt 400 pt 500 pt 100 pt 200 pt 300 pt 400 pt 500 pt 100 pt LOGIC ANCIENTMIDDLE EARLY MODERN 500 pt

If we know that all philosophers are wise, this is the premise we need in order to conclude that Socrates is wise

Socrates is a philosopher

An example would be, “Plato is both tall and not tall.”

Contradiction

An example would be, “either Plato is tall or Plato is not tall.”

Tautology

No one is granted bail if they are held for murder. John is not held for murder. Therefore John will be granted bail

Invalid

Tom is Tall or Tom is Short Tom is Short or Tom is Wise Tom is Happy or Tom is Wise Tom is not Wise Therefore Tom is Short and Happy

Valid

This philosopher is most likely to say, “The chair you sit upon is a reflection of a perfect concept of chair, which is more real.”

Plato

This philosopher used paradoxes to refute the concept that things can be divided.

Zeno

This philosophical school said that emotions lead to unethical behaviour.

Stoicism

This Taoist epistemological philosopher may have been a butterfly

Zuangzi

He would challenge your assertion that, “I know for certain that the earth orbits the sun because I was told so by my teacher” and probably be killed for it.

Socrates

This much disputed argument says that we can infer the existence of God from the idea of God.

The Ontological Argument

This philosopher justified his ethics with reference to divine laws and natural laws.

Saint Thomas Aquinas

This philosopher rejected questions of metaphysics in favour of the practical matters of government.

Niccolo Machiavelli

This philosopher came up with the idea of a social contract to avoid the pain of natural state of mankind

Hobbes

He was responsible for challenging the Ptolemaic view of the universe.

Copernicus

This philosopher believed in a basic oneness to all things and rejected feelings as an adequate form of understanding.

Spinoza

According to Leibniz, these pre-programmed elements are the basic elements of the universe.

Monads

Both Hume and Locke advocated this theory of knowing through senses.

Empiricism

This philosopher believed that government can only intervene to support natural rights. He devised this from his idea of the “noble savage”

Rousseau

Hegel believed this to be the result of the conflict between a thesis and an antithesis.

Synthesis

This philosopher rejected materialism for a number of reasons, one of which is that a lack of value is a value itself

Whitehead

John Dewey espoused this theory that insists that the best way to know the truth of something is to test it in practice.

Pragmatics

This philosopher believed that the only way to be free is to eliminate social class.

Karl Marx

This philosopher used the myth of Sisyphus as a metaphor for the human absurdity of trying to make sense of a senseless world

Camus

According to Levi Strauss, the mind and body, as well as opposing elements in mythology are examples of this.

Dualistic Elements