PIA 2528 Local Government, Governance and Civil Society

Governance, an Overview of Issues Basic Terms: The Environment of Development (Review) Basic Terms: The Environment of Development (Review) Governance Governance Manner in which the state is created, modified or overthrown Manner in which the state is created, modified or overthrown Local Government Local Government Primary unit of government that has both political leadership and bureaucratic structures Primary unit of government that has both political leadership and bureaucratic structures Civil Society Civil Society Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs or for profit sector) Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs or for profit sector)

Institutional Legacy- Discussion: Harrison and Huntington, Culture Matters  Verona Benjamin  Ida Bormentar  Ali Ashraf  Stephenie Schell  Lindsay Wood  Anh Ninh  Sarah Tylka  Chunrong Chen  Laura Meixell (Questions to Panel)

Institutional Legacy Richard Reeves, Peshawar Richard Reeves, Peshawar Stephanie Schell, Laura Meixell Stephanie Schell, Laura Meixell Stanley Karnow, Vietnam, Philipines Stanley Karnow, Vietnam, Philipines Chunrong Chen, Stephenie Schell Chunrong Chen, Stephenie Schell Graham Greene, Lawless Roads Graham Greene, Lawless Roads Sarah Tilka, Ali Ashraf, Anh Ninh Sarah Tilka, Ali Ashraf, Anh Ninh Picard, Various Picard, Various Verona Benjamin, Ida Bormentar, Lindsay Wood, Sarah Tilka Verona Benjamin, Ida Bormentar, Lindsay Wood, Sarah Tilka

The Nature of Local Government Part of the Institutional State Part of the Institutional State Based on Devolution of Authority Based on Devolution of Authority Defines Participation Defines Participation Links Governance to Civil Society Links Governance to Civil Society

Forms of Local Government Concept: Transfer of authority to a lower level of government Concept: Transfer of authority to a lower level of government Intermediate Government (s) Intermediate Government (s) Primary Unit of Government: Lowest level that carries a bureaucracy with it Primary Unit of Government: Lowest level that carries a bureaucracy with it

Historical Legacy Imperial and Colonial Impact: The Dilemma of the Local State Imperial and Colonial Impact: The Dilemma of the Local State

Theme: Institutional Development and History of State Civil Society Allen, “Plain Tales,” and “Dark Continent” Allen, “Plain Tales,” and “Dark Continent” Orwell, “Burmese Days” Orwell, “Burmese Days” Lindsay Wood Lindsay Wood Sara Tilka Sara Tilka Stephenie Schell Stephenie Schell Ali Ashraf Ali Ashraf Laura Meixell Laura Meixell

French Colonial System French National Assembly (Nominal African Reps) Ministry of Overseas Affairs Sub-Chief District Chief Commandant Governor (Guinea- Conakry) Governor-General (West Africa-Dakar)

British Colonial System Parliament (No Rep.) Secretary of State for Colonies (Dominions) or India Chief District Officer District Commissioner Regional / Divisional Commissioner Governor / High Commissioner* Sub-Chief Headman Tribal Council Tribal Secretary and Clerks Tribal Treasury Tribal Court Tribal Police * Governor-General / High Commissioner with Resident Commissioners in Bechuanaland, Basutoland and Swaziland under Dominions Office

Reformed British Administration Prime Minister (UK)Colonial Office Secretariat Para-Chief DEO District Commissioner Provincial Commissioner PEO Sub-Chief Headmen Parliament EXECO LEGCO Governor / Governor Secretary MEDWORKSEDUCAGRIC London Dar es Salaam SAA MOJA Village Kilimanjaro Province Moshi

Traditional Administration & Governance National Systems Paramount Chief (King) Sub-Chiefs Village Meeting Place Judicial System Advisors (Native Councils) Headmen Traditional Systems & Parallel Rule

Imperial Systems King Chief King’s Representative Inner Council Sub-Chief Outer Council Meeting Place Judicial System King’s Representative Traditional Systems & Parallel Rule Traditional Administration & Governance

Assimilation: replacement of traditional authorities by soldiers Chief as government official Façade of Direct Rule Grassroots similarity Assimilation vs. Indirect Rule Indirect Rule and “Tribal Administration” Legal / Rational Model Modification of Tradition Training of tribal administrator Traditional Administration & Governance

Coffee Break Fifteen Minutes Fifteen Minutes

Historical Legacy 1. General Patterns: Linked to Cultural Sub-Nationalism 2. Unique Cultural Patterns: Differ from Region to Region (eg. Middle East: Religious Parallel Governance Organizations 3. What are the Universals of Local Governance

Governance and Civil Society Wenfu- “Peddler’s Family” Wenfu- “Peddler’s Family” Chunwrong Chen Chunwrong Chen Ali Ashraf Ali Ashraf Lindsay Wood Lindsay Wood Isabel Allenda- “Clarissa” Isabel Allenda- “Clarissa” Anh Ninh Anh Ninh

The Nature of the Municipality The Primary Unit of Government The Primary Unit of Government Anglo-American- Town separate from country (County) Anglo-American- Town separate from country (County) Continental Europe- Integration of Town and County Continental Europe- Integration of Town and County One of these two patterns exported overseas One of these two patterns exported overseas

What Local Government Does- Basic Services Primary Roads Primary Roads Water Water Waste Removal Waste Removal Primary Education Primary Education Basic Health Basic Health Basic Energy Supplies Basic Energy Supplies

Services Depend Upon- Services Depend Upon- 1. Fiscal/budget allocation- taxes, user fees and transfers 2. Planning- strategic priorities 3. Managing- implementation 4. Personnel- Access to skilled professionals 5. Community Trust

Distinctions: Local state vs. Local Government Local state vs. Local Government Functional vs. Territorial Control Functional vs. Territorial Control Devolution- Urban vs. Rural Devolution- Urban vs. Rural Subsidiarity- Subsidiarity- higher units should not do what can be done by lower units higher units should not do what can be done by lower units

Has local Government Failed? Implementation and Administrative Problems Implementation and Administrative Problems Skills Shortages Skills Shortages Absence of Revenue Absence of Revenue The Need for Institutional Training The Need for Institutional Training International Donors and the Training Agenda International Donors and the Training Agenda

Has local Government Failed? Failure to make a Needs Assessment Failure to make a Needs Assessment Bridging Training vs. the Synthetic Mode of Thought Bridging Training vs. the Synthetic Mode of Thought Local Government- Urban vs. Rural Needs Local Government- Urban vs. Rural Needs

Local Government and Development? How Developmental Is Local Government: How Developmental Is Local Government: We Need Assess Local Government Comparatively in light of Case Histories Readings. We Need Assess Local Government Comparatively in light of Case Histories Readings.

Decentralization Issues 1. Democracy and decentralization 2. Critiques of indirect Democracy 3. Decentralization and NGOs (Are NGOs dangerous?) 4. Decentralization and ethnic and regional conflict- the dangers of decentralization

Decentralization Issues 5. The dichotomy: Communal/municipal models vs. urban/rural governance: towns and counties. Problem of urban bias 6. Decentralization as a failure-Issues: a. financial limitations a. financial limitations b. local government staff: "bush postings." b. local government staff: "bush postings." c. community distrust c. community distrust

Specialized Developmental Functions Planning and Land Use Patterns Planning and Land Use Patterns Issues- Ownership and distribution. Issues- Ownership and distribution. Land- its use and access to water. At the core of grass roots development in the rural areas Land- its use and access to water. At the core of grass roots development in the rural areas

Regional Patterns: The Institutional Legacy (Readings) Break into Groups for Fifteen Minutes Break into Groups for Fifteen Minutes Identify FOUR regional patterns of Institutionalized Governance, Local Governance and Civil Society Identify FOUR regional patterns of Institutionalized Governance, Local Governance and Civil Society Identify the (reading) source of pattern Identify the (reading) source of pattern

Regional Patterns: The Institutional Legacy (Readings) Southeast (and South) Asia Southeast (and South) Asia Lindsay Martin Wood Lindsay Martin Wood Chunrong Chen Chunrong Chen

Regional Patterns: The Institutional Legacy (Readings) South Asia South Asia Ali Ashraf Ali Ashraf Laura Meixell Laura Meixell Stephanie Schell Stephanie Schell

Regional Patterns: The Institutional Legacy (Readings) Central America and the Caribbean Central America and the Caribbean Verona Benjamin Verona Benjamin Anh Ninh Anh Ninh

Regional Patterns: The Institutional Legacy (Readings) Africa Africa Ida Bomentar Ida Bomentar Sarah Tylka Sarah Tylka

Summary Discussion What if anything have we learned about Governance, Local Government and Civil Society? What if anything have we learned about Governance, Local Government and Civil Society?