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Logos, Ethos, and Pathos The Art of Argumentation

Is it persuasive? Whenever you read an argument, you must ask yourself, “Is this persuasive? And if so, to whom?” There are several ways to appeal to an audience. Among the ways to appeal to an audience are appealing to logos, ethos, and pathos. These appeals are prevalent in almost all arguments.

Logos – appeal to logic Using theories (i.e., Theory of Relativity; Theory of Evolution) Denotative meanings/reasons Literal and historical analogies Definitions Factual data and statistics Quotations Citations from experts and authorities Informed opinions

The Effect of Logos Evokes a cognitive, rationale response

Ethos – developing trustworthiness of the speaker/writer An effective persuasive strategy – we are willing to listen when we believe the speaker/writer won’t do us harm Ex: When a doctor gives you medical advice, you may not understand all that he is talking about, but you listen and follow his advice because you believe he knows what he is talking about.

Ethos in writing Language appropriate to audience and subject Restrained, sincere, fair-minded presentation Appropriate level of vocabulary Correct grammar

The Effect of Ethos Demonstrates author’s reliability, competence, and respect for the audience’s ideas and values through reliable and appropriate use of support and general accuracy

Pathos – appeal to emotion Related to the words – pathetic, sympathy, and empathy When you accept a claim based on how it makes you feel without fully analyzing the rationale, you are acting on pathos. Emotions: love, fear, patriotism, guilt, hate, or joy Most arguments are heavily dependant upon pathos appeals.

Pathos – appeal to emotion The more people react without full consideration for the WHY, the more effective an argument can be. The pathetic appeal can be manipulative – the cornerstone of moving people to action. Appeals to pathos touch a nerve and compel people to not only listen but also take a step and act.

Pathos – appeal to emotion Vivid, concrete language Emotionally loaded language Connotative meanings Emotional examples Vivid descriptions Narratives of emotional events Emotional tone Figurative language

The Effect of Pathos Evokes an emotional response