K. Hanumantha Rao

Initial conditions – over dependence On agriculture; ag. – f(RF) Traditional and low productive technologies Weak institutions Low human capital Skewed distribution of productive resources Goal of RD - - increase in SOL of all on sustainable basis

Community Development and Institutional Reforms (50s and early 60s) Food crisis and Technological interventions (mid 60s and 70s) Technology focus and special programmes (80s) Era of poverty alleviation programmes (90s) - Paradigm shifts: NERs, Decentralisation, HD Restructuring of PAPs and strengthening economic reforms (1 st decade of the century)

Outcomes and effects of development efforts High Economic Growth Food Security Poverty and unemployment Disparities Environmental degradation Weak institutions

Main causes Weak governance structures Non-inclusive growth - Centralisation - Lack of people’s participation People’s participation – f (design and relevance, awareness) Quality of participation in all stages

a) How to make people active partners in the development process? b) How PRI led local governance institutions be made more responsive to the needs of the people and also accountable to community about their actions and outcomes? c) How to promote leadership and political capacity in the rural community and make development endogenous?

Approach Mobilsation and organisation of community Participatory work culture – delivery system Mechanisms could provide (3Rs) information, guidance and counseling Platforms for citizen – official / ER interface (constructive development dialogue)

Investments in community for capacity development (para professionals/ Bharat Nirman Volunteers) Capacity development of all stakeholders Social accountability mechanism Incentive – disincentive mechanisms