Robert Wade AP World History Bryan Adams High School Robert Wade AP World History Bryan Adams High School

Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change as new evidence comes to light. - Louis Leakey, British paleo-anthropologist

1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE 2. 1,500,000 BCE ,000 BCE ,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE 4. 30,000 BCE -- 10,000 BCE Paleolithic Age: ( Old Stone Age ) 2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE Paleolithic Age: ( Old Stone Age ) 2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE

 “Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age  2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE  hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of humans  NOMADIC (moving from place to place)  Made tools

4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE  Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans.  Australopithecines  An Opposable Thumb

 HOMO HABILIS ( “Man of Skills” )  found in East Africa.  created stone tools.

 Humans during this period found shelter in caves.  Cave paintings left behind. Purpose??Purpose??

1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE  HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” )  Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology  First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia.  First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )  BIPEDALISM

200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE HOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” ) Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE ) Cro-Magnons ( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

NEANDERTHALS:NEANDERTHALS:  Neander Valley, Germany (1856)  First humans to bury their dead.  Made clothes from animal skins.  Lived in caves and tents.

NEANDERTHALSNEANDERTHALS Early Hut/Tent

CRO-MAGNONs:CRO-MAGNONs:  Homo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” )  By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals. WHY???

PALEOLITHIC AGE Homo sapiens –The term means "consciously thinking human" –Evolved as early as 250,000 years ago –Brain with large frontal regions for conscious and reflective thought –The advantages of intelligence over other species Migrations of Homo sapiens –Beginning more than 100,000 years ago, spread throughout Eurasia –Several ice ages between 120 and 25 thousand years ago –Land bridges enabled them to populate Indonesia and New Guinea –Arrived in Australia between 60,000 and 120,000 years ago –Between 40,000 and 25,000 years ago, migrated to North America The natural environment –Homo sapiens used knives, spears, bows, and arrows –Brought tremendous pressure on other species

PALEOLITHIC CULTURE Neanderthal peoples –Named after the site of the Neander valley in S.W. Germany –Flourished in Europe and S.W. Asia between 100 and 35 thousand years ago –Careful, deliberate burials-evidence of a capacity for emotion and feelings Cro-Magnon peoples –The first human beings of fully modern type, appeared 40,000 years ago –Classified as Homo sapiens sapiens –A noticeable interest in fashion and artistic production Social Organization –Small family units, clans of generally no more than people –Organized hunting bands, led by elders with greatest knowledge of hunting, gathering –Women could be leaders Venus figurines –Besides jewelry and furniture, there were also Venus figurines and paintings –The figurines reflect a deep interest in fertility Cave paintings –Best known are Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain –Subjects: mostly animals; Purposes: aesthetic, "sympathetic magic

70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE

 “Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age  10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE  Gradual shift from: Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle. Hunting/Gathering  agricultural production and domestication of animals.

ORIGINS OF AGRICULTURE Neolithic era –"New stone age" - refined tools and agriculture –Time period: from about 12,000 to 6,000 years ago –Most likely, Paleolithic women began systematic cultivation of plants –Paleolithic men began to domesticate animals –"Agricultural transition" is better than "agricultural revolution" Early agriculture –The earliest evidence found between 10,000 to 8000 B.C.E. –Slash-and-burn cultivation involved frequent movement of farmers –About 5000 B.C.E., agriculture well-established in Asia and Americas The spread of agriculture –Advantages of cultivation over hunting and gathering –Developed indigenously in several different cultural hearths –Agriculture provided a surplus

 8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE  Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world.  SLASH-AND-BURN Farming Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

EARLY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY Population explosion caused by surplus Emergence of villages and towns –Jericho, earliest known Neolithic village (north of the Dead Sea) –Agricultural society, supplemented by hunting and limited trade –Mud huts and defensive walls Specialization of labor –Neolithic site of Çatal Hüyük (south-central Anatolia) Developed into a bustling town with more than 8,000 inhabitants Craft industries - pottery, metallurgy, and textile production –Ruling class, priestly, craftsmen, and merchants were common Social distinctions –Agriculture brought about private land ownership –Social classes emerged, as seen in Çatal Hüyük site Beliefs –Neolithic peoples celebrated deities associated with life cycle –Increasing deification, anthropomorphism of nature, seasons –Increasing masculinization of deities

 Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations.  More permanent, settled communities emerged.  9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMO ( northern Iraq )  wheat

 8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Hüyük ( Modern Turkey )  6,000 inhabitants  Division of labor  Engaged in trade   Organized religion  Small military  12 cultivated crops An obsidian dagger

Çatal Hüyük

ORIGINS OF URBAN LIFE Emergence of cities –Tended to emerge in hostile environments –Harsh environments required stronger organization –Cities were larger and more complex –Cities influenced life of large regions Earliest cities in Southern Mesopotamia Other centers of urban civilization –Indus River Valley –Nile River Valley –River Valley of the Huang He –Coastal Jungles of Mexico

CIVILIZATION’S 1 ST PHASE Five major centers beginning around 4,500 BCE –Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) –Nile River Valley –Indus River Valley –Northern China (Huang He) –Central America Civilizations arose in few areas, spread out Often arose around control of water –Called “hydraulic” (Hydro = water) civilizations –Irrigation, flood control at center of power, changes Ancient period lasts generally to 1000 BCE

THE CULTURE OF CIVILIZATION Permanent Institutions –Religious: Theocracies, priesthoods, polytheism –Political: Monarchy, aristocracy, militaries –Social: Rise of classes –Gender: Patriarchy Trade and Commerce Systems of Record Keeping Intellectual Traditions –Arts, Architecture –Literature

Advanced Cities and Long Distance Trade Specialization Of Labor Complex Political and Social Institutions A Written Language And Record Keeping Advanced Art, Architecture, Architecture, And Literature