Scientific Revolution & Age of Enlightenment ( )

Events leading to Scientific Revolution  Discovery of New World -New species, interest in natural sciences -Link between navigation and astronomy  Invention of Printing Press -Allowed ideas to spread quickly  Rivalry among nation states -Leaders fund scientific advances for benefit of their people  Questioning of World View -Renaissance Humanism and Reformation  New inventions -telescope, vacuum pump, thermometer, barometer, microscope

Copernican Revolution Nicholas Copernicus in 1543  Heliocentric System- planets revolve around the sun in circular motion. Johannes Kepler  planets move in elliptical motion Galileo  Used telescope to observe moon, planets, stars  Principle of inertia  Placed under house arrest for his views

Sir Isaac Newton Principia 1687  Concept of Gravity  Father of differential calculus  Basic laws of physics

Scientific Method  State the Problem 1. Gather Information about the Problem 2. Form a Hypothesis-Educated Guess 3. Experiment to test Hypothesis 4. Record and analyze data from experiment 5. State the conclusion of the experiment  Repeat the steps

Impact on Philosophy  Scientific revolution showed the power of the human mind Francis Bacon  Rely on evidence and observation rather than tradition Rene Descartes  Systematic, orderly thinking  Reason over experimentation  “I think therefore I am”  Father of modern philosophy

Principle Ideas of Enlightenment  Rationalism- truth can only be arrived at by reason  Cause and Effect - can be discovered through experimentation and observation  Natural Law- created by God, guide the universe  Progress- society and individuals can be improved  Freedom- individuals should be able to make up their own minds. Free of dogma, superstition, government interference  Happiness- a morally good life is a happy life Seek happiness on earth, not in afterlife.

Thomas Hobbes  Apply experimental method to politics  Witnessed brutality of English Revolution Leviathan  Life without government is “nasty, brutish and short”  Called for absolutism

John Locke  Argued that man is born free in nature  Enters into a social contract with government  Inalienable rights: life, liberty and property  If government challenges those rights, citizens should rebel

Enlightenment Thinkers Immanuel Kant ( )  “Dare to Know” Philosophes  Discussed philosophy in salons of wealthy  Republic of Letters- international community who spread ideas of enlightenment Voltaire ( )  Deist  Religion crushed the human spirit  Religious toleration

Enlightenment Thinkers Montesquieu ( )  Separation of powers  Checks and balances Diderot ( )  The Encyclopedia  Tried to gather and organize all knowledge  Spread enlightenment ideas

Enlightenment Thinkers Rousseau ( )  Creation of direct democracy  The Social Contract - sovereignty comes from the will of the people

Enlightened Absolutist  Catherine the Great of Russia  Joseph II of Austria  Frederick II of Prussia