The Americas on the Eve of Invasion CHAPTER 11

Previous knowledge What are the main native American groups in Central and South America? Where were they located? What are the main native American groups in Central and South America? Where were they located? What group was 1 st ? What group was 1 st ? What were the groups known for? What were the groups known for? Who conquered the major groups? Who conquered the major groups? Name any famous member of any group. Name any famous member of any group.

Postclassical Mesoamerica Olmecs ( BCE) Olmecs ( BCE) Mother culture Mother culture Introduced Introduced 1. hieroglyphs 1. hieroglyphs 2. calendar 2. calendar 3. concept of 0 3. concept of 0 4. ballcourt game (rubber balls) 4. ballcourt game (rubber balls) 5. Stone heads 5. Stone heads Maya (300 BCE- 900 CE) Maya (300 BCE- 900 CE) Aztecs ( CE) Aztecs ( CE) Incas ( ) Incas ( )

Maya Chichen Itza Chichen Itza Tikal Tikal Tulum Tulum

Teotihuacan Site of civilization Site of civilization Central Mexico Central Mexico Collapsed 700’s Collapsed 700’s

Toltecs Teotihuacan-Toltecs Teotihuacan-Toltecs Capital was Tula 968 Capital was Tula 968 Adopted cultural aspects but add: Adopted cultural aspects but add: 1. Strong military 1. Strong military 2. expand human sacrifice 2. expand human sacrifice Looked at as givers of civilization by Aztecs Looked at as givers of civilization by Aztecs Commercial influence Commercial influence Possibly to Miss and Ohio Valleys Possibly to Miss and Ohio Valleys Lasted until 1150 Lasted until 1150

Aztecs Known as Mexica (origin of Mexico) Known as Mexica (origin of Mexico) After fall of Toltecs people migrate to Valley of Mexico (1325) After fall of Toltecs people migrate to Valley of Mexico (1325) Power and population shift Power and population shift Found cities: Found cities: 1. Tenochtitlan (1325) 1. Tenochtitlan (1325) By 1434 dominates area By 1434 dominates area 2. Tlateloco 2. Tlateloco Rise of the Rise of the 1. city-states (Triple Alliance) 1. city-states (Triple Alliance) 2. pipiltin (nobility class) 2. pipiltin (nobility class)

Aztecs Aztec Social Contract Aztec Social Contract 1. Pay tribute (leave alone) 1. Pay tribute (leave alone) 2. surrender lands 2. surrender lands 3. military service 3. military service 4. king is god on Earth 4. king is god on Earth Tlacaelel (brother of Montezuma SP?)) Tlacaelel (brother of Montezuma SP?)) Important official Important official Helps move clans (CALPULLI) to a unified society Helps move clans (CALPULLI) to a unified society Moctezuma II Moctezuma II Height of Aztec power Height of Aztec power

Aztec Religion Many gods in many different forms Many gods in many different forms Cyclical patterns of world destruction (over and over) Cyclical patterns of world destruction (over and over) 1. Gods of fertility 1. Gods of fertility Agriculture etc Agriculture etc 2. Creator gods 2. Creator gods Sun, moon sky etc Sun, moon sky etc 3. Gods of warfare and sacrifice 3. Gods of warfare and sacrifice Huitzilopochtli ((becomes main deity) Huitzilopochtli ((becomes main deity)

Sacrifice Gods get strength from sacrifice Gods get strength from sacrifice Why? (different theories) Why? (different theories) 1. Exaggerated by Spanish (superiority and validate conquest) 1. Exaggerated by Spanish (superiority and validate conquest) 2. religious act essential to receive gods blessings 2. religious act essential to receive gods blessings 3. terrorize neighbors and subjugate lower class 3. terrorize neighbors and subjugate lower class 4. response to lack of protein and absence of large animals for sacrifice “cannibal kingdom” (Marvin Harris) 4. response to lack of protein and absence of large animals for sacrifice “cannibal kingdom” (Marvin Harris)

Aztec Economy Chinampas Chinampas Man-made floating islands (agriculture) Man-made floating islands (agriculture) Extremely fertile Extremely fertile Redistribution of tribute Redistribution of tribute Armed merchant class (pochteca) Armed merchant class (pochteca) Control markets Control markets Tlatelolco Tlatelolco

Marriage and Family 1. Virginity highly regarded 1. Virginity highly regarded 2. Arranged marriage 2. Arranged marriage 3. Young girls trained by older women 3. Young girls trained by older women 4. Monogamy was common (polygamy only for rulers) 4. Monogamy was common (polygamy only for rulers) Aztec women vs Mediterranean Aztec women vs Mediterranean Same in many ways (can own property, no gov roles) Same in many ways (can own property, no gov roles) Technologically behind Med Technologically behind Med Aztec women spent more time working (exp grinding grain) Aztec women spent more time working (exp grinding grain)

Fall of Aztecs 1. Terror and tribute 1. Terror and tribute 2. Rise of pipiltin 2. Rise of pipiltin Led to social stresses Led to social stresses Vulnerable to conquest Vulnerable to conquest After 1492 After 1492 Aztecs- Cortez Aztecs- Cortez Incas- Pizarro Incas- Pizarro Weapons and disease Weapons and disease

South America Chavin (mother culture) Chavin (mother culture) Moche and Nazca (Nazca Lines) Moche and Nazca (Nazca Lines) Chimu (lived in Chimor) Chimu (lived in Chimor) Inca Inca

Twantinsuyu World of the Incas World of the Incas CE CE Tihuanaco and Huari Tihuanaco and Huari Disintegrate Disintegrate Chimor (state) Chimor (state) Emerges as most powerful Emerges as most powerful

Pachacuti Wars begin Incan Empire Wars begin Incan Empire Eventually largest empire in Pre-Columbian America Eventually largest empire in Pre-Columbian America Ruled from Cuzco Ruled from Cuzco Built Machu Picchu Built Machu Picchu Unified Unified 1. Quechua (language) 1. Quechua (language) 2. Forced transfers 2. Forced transfers

Expansion Tupac Yupanqui (son of Pachacuti) Tupac Yupanqui (son of Pachacuti) Huayna Capac (son of Tupac) Huayna Capac (son of Tupac) Huascar and Atahualpa (sons of Huayna) Huascar and Atahualpa (sons of Huayna) Atahualpa wins control Atahualpa wins control Captured by Pizarro Captured by Pizarro Ransom Room but Killed anyway 1533 Ransom Room but Killed anyway 1533 Ends Incan Empire Ends Incan Empire

22ft long by 17ft wide and 8ft high 22ft long by 17ft wide and 8ft high Filled 1x with gold (13,000 lbs) Filled 1x with gold (13,000 lbs) Filled 2x with silver (26,000 lbs) Filled 2x with silver (26,000 lbs) Lowest soldier received approx $750,000-$1,000,000 Pizarro 14-20x Lowest soldier received approx $750,000-$1,000,000 Pizarro 14-20x

World of Incas Complex system of roads Complex system of roads Tambos (way stations) (chasquis are runners) Tambos (way stations) (chasquis are runners) Irrigation projects Irrigation projects Redistributive economy (Inca socialism) Redistributive economy (Inca socialism) Split inheritance Split inheritance Power to successor Power to successor Wealth to male descendants (keep mummy “alive”) Wealth to male descendants (keep mummy “alive”) Keeps rulers conquering (Why?) Keeps rulers conquering (Why?)

Religion and Culture Religion Religion Sun God is supreme Sun God is supreme Local gods (Huacas) Local gods (Huacas) Culture Culture Quipu Quipu Knotted strings for accounting Knotted strings for accounting

Similarities and differences between Inca and Aztec Similarities Similarities 1. Built on earlier empires 1. Built on earlier empires 2. Intensive state controlled agriculture 2. Intensive state controlled agriculture 3. Redistributive economy 3. Redistributive economy 4. Kinship transformed to hierarchy 4. Kinship transformed to hierarchy 5. Human sacrifice and priest class 5. Human sacrifice and priest class 6. Monumental architecture 6. Monumental architecture Major Differences Major Differences 1. Aztecs had better trade and markets 1. Aztecs had better trade and markets Large merchant class Large merchant class 2. Aztecs had a writing system 2. Aztecs had a writing system 3. Inca tried to integrate their empire 3. Inca tried to integrate their empire 4. Geography and climate (???) 4. Geography and climate (???)

Anasazi