 100 Years War and Black Death  Scientific advances contradicted the Church  Corruption within the Catholic Church

 Before the Reformation all Christians were Catholic  The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM, or change, the Catholic Church  Wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore faith in the Church

 Reformers established their own Christian religions  Caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Christian religions

 Martin Luther  John Calvin  Henry VIII

 Lived from in Germany  Father encouraged him to study law  A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk

 Became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven  Turned to the Bible and confession for comfort  Found the answer he was looking for in the Bible  Realized that only faith in Jesus, not good deeds, could save a person

 List of 95 complaints against the Catholic Church  He criticized:  The power of the Pope  The extreme wealth of the Church  Indulgences (buying salvation)  Not printing Bible in different languages

 Luther’s beliefs spread quickly  Made possible by printing press  Posted 95 Theses on church doors in Germany  Gained support from people and criticism from the Church

Invented by Johannes Gutenberg First printing on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible. This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles. Printing Press

 Local German churches supported Luther’s ideas  German princes issued a formal “PROTEST” against the Church for suppressing the reforms  The reformers became known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

 Based on the teachings of John Calvin  Stresses God's power and the moral weakness of human beings  Started in Switzerland = Calvinists  England = Puritans  Scotland = Presbyterians  Holland = Dutch Reform  France = Huguenots  Germany = Reform Church

Puritan Hugeunots Presbyterian

 Henry VIII – King of England  Roman Catholic  Opposed Luther’s beliefs  Named ‘Defender of the Faith’ by Pope Leo X  Reformer due to circumstance not personal beliefs

 Catholic Church did not permit divorce  Marriage to Catherine of Aragon did not produce male heir  Only a girl - Mary Tudor  Needed a male to preserve his throne  Asked the Pope for an annulment  Would dissolve marriage  Could remarry and produce a male heir  The Pope denied his request  Renounced Catholicism and the Pope  Created the Church of England  Established his own supremacy over it

 Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy  Made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England”  Many refused to accept him as the head of the church  Were executed for treason  Sir Thomas More was one of them!

 Divorced Catherine and married Anne Boleyn  Hoped for a male heir but Anne bore him another girl  Queen Elizabeth I BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRINCESS ELIZABETH SEPTEMBER 7, 1533

Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived! 1.Catherine of Aragon – Divorced/Annulled 2.Anne Boleyn – Executed 3.Jane Seymour – Died from Childbirth 4.Anne of Cleves – Divorced/Annulled 5.Catherine Howard – Executed 6.Catherine Parr – Re-Married

 Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn  Returned country to Protestantism after her Catholic sister Queen Mary I (“Bloody Mary”) died  England solidified as Protestant country  Found middle ground between Catholics and Protestants  Little religious turmoil for decades

CHRISTIANITY Roman Catholicism Eastern Orthodox Protestant Lutheran Martin Luther Calvinist John Calvin Anglican Henry VIII Puritan Huguenots Presbyterian

 Reformers like Luther established their own non-Catholic religions  The Reformation caused a permanent split in Christianity with the formation of new Protestant faiths

Why would the Catholic Church want to start a Counter-Reformation?