The Reformation Spreads

Explosion of Protestants! During the reformation, hundreds of new protestant groups formed. Calvinists – founded by John Calvin and believed in Predestination. Predestination = the idea that god had long ago determined who would gain salvation. Anabaptists were a more radical protestant group. Did not believe in baptizing infants. Tried to speed up the coming of God’s day of judgment through violent means. Believed in religious toleration and a separation of church and state. Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish are all related to the Anabaptists.

The English Reformation The English Reformation was the work of King Henry VIII of England. Henry VIII wanted to annul (cancel) his marriage to his 1st wife Catherine of Aragon. No heir = big problem for Henry VIII Pope said NO! Because Henry VIII could not annul his marriage, he decided to create his own church called the Church of England. Henry appointed Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop of his church. Cranmer annulled Henry’s marriage.

Henry VIII’s Wives After his annulment from Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII married 5 more times!! Anne Boleyn Daughter = Elizabeth I No son; beheaded Jane Seymour Son = Edward VI Dies from complications Anne of Cleves Too ugly; divorce Catherine Howard Executed Catherine Parr Out lives Henry VIII

The Church of England Act of Supremacy (1534) –Henry became the supreme head on Earth of the church of England. People that did not like this were beheaded!! Henry did not change the church much – he kept most Catholic forms of worship. Henry’s son, Edward VI, made England a protestant country. Parliament passed Protestant Reforms. Thomas Cranmer wrote the Book of Common Prayer – used in church services.

Mary and Elizabeth “Bloody Mary” Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) Mary Tudor became Queen after Edward VI died in his teens Wanted to return England to Catholic Church. Hundreds of protestants were burned at the stake Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) Elizabethan Settlement – were a series of reforms that strengthened the Church of England. Compromise (middle ground) between Protestant and catholic policies. Ended religious persecution in England.

The Catholic Reformation Catholic Reformation = A new reform movement within the Catholic church that tried to stop church abuses. Led by Pope Paul III Pope tried to revive the moral authority of the church. Council of Trent (1545) – called by Pope Paul III and reaffirmed the traditional Catholic views that Protestants had challenged. Salvation comes through faith and good works Bible is a major source of religious truth

The Catholic Reformation Major components of the Catholic Reformation: Changed Church Practices Harsh penalties for “worldliness” and corruption Strengthen the Inquisition Inquisition = church court created during the Middle Ages Used secret testimony, torture, and execution to root out heresy. Created the Index of Forbidden Books – people were not allowed to read these books. Create Jesuits Founded by Ignatius of Loyola Helped bolster Catholicism

Legacy of the Catholic Reformation Catholic reformers helped reduce church abuses. Disagreements about religion led to religious Wars French Wars of Religion (1560s) Europe still remains divided over different interpretations of Christianity today! Violent fighting between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland.

Witches! Both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance and persecuted people they thought were witches and Jews. Witch hunts Thousands of women died as victims of witch hunts Usually widowed women Most lived in German sates, Switzerland, and France. Also in Salem Massachusetts! Jewish Persecution Forced to live in ghettos –separate part of city.