What is the Protestant Reformation Name given to the religious reform movement that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups. Prior to Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic Roman Catholic Church criticized for abuse of power and corruption-Martin Luther wanted to get rid of this abuse & restore people’s faith in Church In the end reformers established their own religions Christian Humanists-wanted to reform church Believed through reason, and studying the classics one could become more pious (Christ-like) Desiderius Erasmus-Father of Christian Humanism He suggested reforming from within the church

Why Reform? Popes corrupted by power & lose focus of spiritual leadership Scientific advances contradicted the Church People wanted to know how to save souls Indulgences-a release of a soul from purgatory for monetary donation - a HUGE abuse of Church power

Martin Luther German Priest Saw problems in Church Church believed salvation gained from faith + good work Luther believed faith alone gained salvation October 31, 1517 – Posted 95 Theses on church door in Wittenberg, Germany His criticisms of Church 1000s of copies distributed through Germany

The Reformation Begins Luther moves town split from Church Wanted Germany to establish a German Church Luther excommunicated Charles V(Roman Emperor)Summoned Luther the Diet at city of Worms to ask Luther to change his mind Luther refuses Edict of Worms issued, making Luther an outlaw Luther kept in hiding-a crime to associate with him Many accepted his teachings & renounced authority of the pope

Lutheranism Followers of Luther’s religious practices Gained support of many German princes 1524, German peasants revolt & hope Luther would support them, because Luther needed the princes’ support, he did not help peasants Germany in turmoil-Catholic? Lutheran? To achieve peace Emperor Charles V accepted Peace of Augsburg (allowed German princes to choose faiath of their religion)

Protestantism Spreads Ulrich Zwingli – Priest in Zurich, Switzerland Zwinglian Reformation Stresses importance of Bible Rejects elaborate church rituals John Calvin – replaces Zwingli 1536-Began reforming Geneva, Switz. Set up Theocracy-govt. run by church leaders God determined who would gain salvation –Predestination Calvinism spreads through Europe Challenge to Roman Catholic Church-sets off wars

Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation Immediate Effects Peasants Revolt Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian and other Protestant churches Weakening of Holy Roman Empire Luther calls for Jews to be expelled from Christian lands Long – Term Effects Religious wars in Europe Catholic Reformation Strengthening of the Inquisition Jewish migration to Eastern Europe Increased anti-Semitism

Reformation in England Political, not religious motives for reform Henry VIII-King of England Needs a male heir to carry on Tudor Dynasty Married Catherine of Aragon-had a daughter Mary No son, so Henry wants a divorce In Catholic Church you need an annulment granted by the Church Pope refuses to grant annulment Henry VIII breaks from Church, graant granted

Church of England is formed Archbishop of Canterbury grants Henry VIII a divorce Act of Supremacy (1534) Establishes Church of England King control over doctrine, appointments etc. Dissolves Catholic claims, sells land & possessions of the Catholic Church Remained close to Catholic teachings

Church of England Cont. 1547-Henry VIII died His 9 year old son, Edward VI took the throne The Church of England – Anglican Church Became more Protestant Angering Catholics 1533-Edward dies Half sister Mary (catholic) takes throne She wants to restore Catholicism “Bloody Mary” has 300+ protestants burned as heretics Increases tensions between Catholics & Protestants

Elizabethan Settlement Succeeded Mary Compromises between Catholic & Protestant practices Monarch not Supreme Head of Church but Supreme Governor over spiritual matters Accepts moderate Protestant doctrine Unifies England She restores economy

The Catholic Reformation Protestantism spreading through Europe Church sees need to reform Raises standards of the clergy Inspires Church with renewed zeal & morale Contributed greatly to producing the Catholic Church as we know it today Pillars of Catholic Reformation 1. Reform of Papacy 2. Society of Jesus (Jesuits) 3. Council of Trent-establishes direction reform is to take

The Papacy Corruption had to be addressed Pope Paul led papal reform Oversaw creation of Jesuit order Opened Council of Trent-direction for reform-BANNED INDULGENCES Revived the Inquisition- Fight Protestantism

The Jesuits Most significant of Catholic Reform Founded by Ingatius of Loyola Spanish Soldier Injured in battle Had a conversion during recovery, dedicated himself to the church

Role of Jesuits Missionaries Convert former and non-Catholics Urged religious education of children Devoted to religious and secular education Secondary School Colleges/Universities Seminaries