the Byzantine Empire, Early Russia & Mongols

Fall of Roman Empire! 3 rd -5 th c. C.E., Germanic tribes invaded3 rd -5 th c. C.E., Germanic tribes invaded In 476 AD, the Western half of the Roman Empire fell, when the city of Rome was destroyed.In 476 AD, the Western half of the Roman Empire fell, when the city of Rome was destroyed.

Byzantium Lives... Byzantine EmpireThe Eastern half - Byzantine Empire. ConstantinopleIt’s capital city - Constantinople

Favorable Geography of Constantinople Constantinople was on the straits of the Bosporus and Dardanelles, at a “ crossroads ” for trade —brought much wealth.Constantinople was on the straits of the Bosporus and Dardanelles, at a “ crossroads ” for trade —brought much wealth. Trade spread Roman ideas & Orthodox Christianity throughout Europe, Africa, & Asia.Trade spread Roman ideas & Orthodox Christianity throughout Europe, Africa, & Asia. Location was also strategic for defenseLocation was also strategic for defense

Emperor Justinian Ruled from 527—565 A.D. Justinian wanted to revive the greatness of the Rome and expanded the Byzantine Empire to its largest. Justinian was an autocrat — (had absolute power over both political & spiritual affairs) –Justinian made himself head of the Orthodox Church.

Justinian’s Code A code of Byzantine laws- - a revision & revival of Roman law. A body of both criminal & civil law– addressed marriage, slavery, property, etc. The code preserved nearly 5,000 Roman laws, that might otherwise have bee lost during the Dark Ages.

the Great Schism In the 700’s, the eastern and western branches of the church disagreed over the use of icons. This & other differences led to the Great Schism (permanent split) between the two churches in The Byzantine Church became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church, & the Western European Church became the Roman Catholic Church.

Byzantine Christianity Eastern Orthodox ChristianityRoman Catholic Christianity Byzantine emperor controlled Church affairs, power of patriarch (leader of church) Divorce is permitted under certain circumstances. People rejected pope’s claim to authority Clergy kept right to marry Official language= Greek Emperor outlawed the use of icons, or holy images Pope controlled Church affairs Divorce is NOT permitted. People accepted pope’s claim to authority over all Christians Clergy prohibited from marrying Official language= Latin Use of holy images permitted & encouraged.

The Hagia Sophia Church built by Justinian as part of an attempt to beautify Constantinople; improves on Roman construction techniques

Theodora Daughter of a bear- tender at the Hippodrome & an “actress”--married Justinian I Justinian treated her as an equal & made her co- emperor. Her leadership helped Justinian squash the Nika Rebellion that might have overthrown the empire. She helped expand the rights of women & was a spokesperson for the poor.

Decline & Fall Of Byzantine Empire Decline caused by political issues & invasions Seljuk Turks (Muslims) invaded in the 1000s, prompting the Crusades over holy lands In 1453, the city of Constantinople itself fell to the Ottoman Turks, who changed its name to Istanbul.

Legacy of Byzantines Preserved & expanded upon Hellenistic & Roman culture Because of this, Classical manuscripts & artworks were available to Western Europeans in the late 1400s & sparked the Renaissance (after Western Europe’s “Dark Ages”).

the Rise of Russia Slavs migrated into Russia during Roman times. Vikings arrived in the 600s & 700s; were assimilated into Slav culture City of Kiev--center for trade with Constantinople; later became the center of the first Russian state

Development of Russia Oleg (c ) settled in Kiev Built kingdom of Slav and Greek tradition Missionaries brought Christianity Olga, Byz princess married ruler Vladimir She converted, he convert & rest of people in 987

Cultural Ties to Byzantines Byzantine monks (Cyril & Methodius) came to convert the Slavs to Christianity. The “Cyrillic” alphabet was created (adapted from Greek) so that Slavs could read the Bible. The Russian Orthodox Church began in the 900’s. Later Russian rulers were autocrats (like Justinian), controlling both the state & the Russian Orthodox Church

Yaroslav the Wise Ruled 1019 to 1054 Established written code of law (similar to Justinian’s) Pursued relations with Western Europe Built St. Sophia Church after his death, Kiev began to decline as nobles battled for power Kiev was in a weakened state & vulnerable to invaders…

St. Sophia

the Golden Horde Mongols, a nomadic group from Central Asia, conquered lands from China to E. Europe in the 1200s. Batu Khan (grandson of Genghis), led his army (the “Golden Horde”) to conquer Russia Russians were required to pay tribute to the Khan. For 240 years, Mongol rule cut Russia off from Western Europe at a time when many cultural & political advances were being made.

Moscow In 1380, led by the princes of Moscow, Russians began to challenge Mongol rule. Ivan I-- moved capital to the new city Moscow. Ivan III-- led the Russian army to face the Mongols in 1480 at the Urga River— a bloodless standoff. Ivan gave himself the title “ czar ” & vowed to build a Russian empire. Boyars

Ivan the Terrible Ivan the Great’s grandson, Ivan IV further centralized the czar’s power, requiring military service in exchange for land Built St. Basil’s Cathedral psychological issues--paranoid, killed his own son, organized a brutal secret police force to root out disloyalty After his death, Russia entered a ‘Time of Troubles’ characterized by peasant uprisings & disputes over succession. oprichniki

St. Basil’s  Kremlin

The Mongols rule Asia Mongols were nomadic – Outer Mongolia Temuchin b Impoverished noble father, murdered when Temuchin was 6, fled to wilderness 1206 united tribes & elected universal ruler “Genghis Khan” Brutal, military genius Forced conscription & taxes

Military & Lifestyle Army of cavalry Conquered Abbasid Dynasty 1258 Ended Song Dynasty in China 1279 Lived in covered tents – yurts Khubilai Khan (grandson) – most successful ruler Est. capital at Khanbaliq “city of the Khan” a.k.a Beijing Marco Polo Fire-lance Compound bow