Digestive system

(I) Order of Nutrition 1. Ingestion 2.Digestion (hydrolysis) 3.Absorption 4.Egestion (Elimination)

(I) Sequence (way food travels) Oral Cavity (mouth) Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus Toilet

3. Stomach Lining of the stomach contains gastric glands that secrete gastric juice

Gastric Bypass Surgery

Gastric Bypass Surgery

4. Small Intestine

5. Large Intestine Water absorption only NO nutrient absorption occurs here Undigested material is known as feces The large intestine passes the feces into the rectum

6. Rectum Temporarily stores the feces

7. Anus Opening through which feces passes out of the body (Egestion)

(II) Nutrient Absorption Takes place in the small intestine Chemical digestion in humans is accomplished by Hydrolysis and the use of enzymes

End Products of Digestion Proteins  amino acids Carbohydrates  glucose Lipids  fatty acids + glycerol

Absorption The end products of digestion are absorbed in the small intestine by finger-like projections called villi

Villus Lacteal- absorption of fatty acids and glycerol Capillary network- absorption of glucose and amino acids

Disorders of the Digestive Tract

Anorexia Nervosa A condition in which there is a severe loss of weight accompanied by symptoms of nutritional deficiencies. Psychological condition where a person is unable to take or retain food due to an excessive concern about obesity

Ulcers Heliobacter pylori Bacteria an erosion of the surface of the digestive tract associated with pain, nausea, and vomiting.

the quest for Polyps Colonoscopy:

Large Intestine ( Colon Polyps_) Polyps are small growths on the inner colon lining that look like warts.

Removal Colon Polyps_)

Gallstones An accumulation of hardened cholesterol deposits in the gall bladder.

Appendicitis Normal Infected

Constipation To much water is absorbed by/in the large intestine. Also can exist due to lack of roughage.

Diarrhea Decreased water absorption and increased peristaltic activity of large intestine. Results in an increased, multiple, watery feces.

Appendicitis An inflammation of the appendix. Usually feces that infects the appendix.

Blood Vessels Blood vessels - System of tubes which blood travels through. If you took all of the blood vessels out of an average child, and laid them out in one line, the line would be over 60,000 miles long! An adult's vessels would be closer to 100,000 miles long!

Blood Vessels Capillaries

Blood Vessels: Arteries Blood moving away from the heart to organs. thicker walled to handle to handle higher pressures

Blood Vessels, Veins Blood vessels takes blood back to the heart. Less pressure Veins have a valves to keep blood from flowing back away from the heart.

Blood Vessels: Capillaries Capillaries Smallest Blood vessel thin walled blood vessels for oxygen and nutrients to diffusion into body cells. Surround intestines for nutrient absorption and all organs an tissues for the diffusion of nutrients.

Blood Vessels: Capillary Blood Circuits

Echocardiogram

Ultrasound Echocardiogram

Transesophageal Echocardiogram

Blood Pressure Sphygmomanometer: instrument used to measure blood pressure, 120/80 mm Hg avg male sphygmo = the pulse; mano = rare, thin, roomy meter = to measure manometer = an instrument to measure pressure exerted by a liquid)

Major Causes of Cardiovascular Disease Cholesterol: –High Density lipoproteins= good cholesterol, get rid of LDL, 80% produced by liver –Low Density lipoproteins= bad cholesterol, Animal fats Plaque: –Made out of fats, cholesterol, calcium and various other materials. –Obstructs Blood vessels

Cardiovascular Diseases: Hypertension (High blood pressure ) Atherosclerosis Angina Pectoris Coronary Thrombosis Heart attack: Aneurysm: Heart Murmur: Blue Baby

Cardiovascular Diseases: Hypertension (High blood pressure) - High blood pressure can damage the lining of the arteries and weaken the heart and can be caused by factors such as stress, smoking, old age, stress, anxiety, smoking, high salt diets.

Cardiovascular Diseases: Atherosclerosis: “hardening of the arteries” deposits of cholesterol collect in inner walls. Causes high animal fat diet (saturated fats) in diet

Cardiovascular Diseases: Angina Pectoris caused by the narrowing of coronary arteries causing a lack of oxygen to the heart. Results muscle damage symptoms: pain in left side

Cardiovascular Diseases: Heart attack: when blood supply is cut off to the heart, portion of the heart dies due to lack of O2. Chest pain + pressure, accompanied by sweats, shortness of breath and nausea. **Coronary Thrombosis, materials in the blood obstruct an artery opening becoming blocked causing that portion of the heart to stop functioning.

Cardiovascular Diseases: Heart attack: **Coronary Thrombosis

Cardiovascular Diseases: Link: Balloon angioplastyBalloon angioplasty

Cardiovascular Diseases: Aneurysm:

Artificial Valves

--Bronchitis -Emphysema -Bronchitis -Asthma Many respiratory diseases are cause by abrasive agents: Asbestos -Cigarettes

Asbestos Asbestos fibers enter the body via inhalation or ingestion. Many factors determine how exposure to asbestos will affect health and how severely. These factors include: How many fibers entered the body How long the exposure to asbestos occurred Whether or not the asbestos was inhaled or swallowed. Inhalation of asbestos fibers can result in mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis, and impaired blood flow to the lungs due to enlargement of the heart. mesotheliomalung cancerasbestosis

Cigarettes 4000 chemicals and toxins in one puff on a cigarettes 50 cancer causing agents Tar, Nicotine, Ammonia, Formaldehyde, Arsenic (Rat poison)

Bronchitis Inflammation of the membrane of the bronchial tubes Bronchitis is caused by viruses (common cold viruses, influenza virus, adenovirus) bacteria –( Bordatella pertussis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae) or by other infectious organisms

Asthma An aggravated/allergic Reaction Constriction of the bronchial tubes

Don't panic Breathe deep, slow and easy Rest Take your prescribed asthma medication Call for help Get to a doctor Cigarette smoke Cockroaches Dust mites Mold Pets and animals Pollen Cold air Exercise Stress Respiratory infectionsAsthma

Emphysema *Disease in which the walls of the alveoli breakdown, Decreasing surface area for gas exchange **Decreasing surface area for gas exchange ***shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, and decreased lung capacity *****Caused by:

Emphysema

Pneumonia The alveoli become filled with fluid, preventing gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries

What is C.F.? Babies are born with (Cystic Fibrosis) CF when they inherit faulty genes from both their parents. CF is a disease in which the secretions from various glands are thick and sticky instead of being watery and free flowing. The lungs and digestive system are particularly affected. A build up of thick mucus in the lungs reduces the ability to clear bacteria leading to cycles of infection and inflammation which damage the delicate lung tissues. Lung function is progressively lost and respiratory failure is the major cause of death in CF patients. The lower intestine can also become blocked by a build up of mucus, but the major digestive problem concerns the pancreas.

End