EarLY SIGNS OF DECLINE IN THE ADEQUATE REIGN of Tiberius, Agustusus’ successor as princeps, CE By: … British Museum, Portrait Head (Tiberius), N.d., ect_details.aspx?objectid=433299&partid=1&output=People%2F!!%2FOR%2F!!%2 F94496%2F!%2F %2F!%2FPortrait+of+Tiberius%2F!%2F%2F!!%2F%2F!!!%2F&orig=%2Fresearch %2Fsearch_the_collection_database%2Fadvanced_search.aspx&currentPage=1& numpages=10 (April 11, 2013).

TIBERIUS AS PRINCEPS: CONNECTING TO augustus BBC History, Augustus, 2013, (April 11, 2013). Bronze bust of Augustus, Tiberius’ predecessor. Name Gov’t The Julio-Claudian Family Tree Antony Kamm’s The Romans, , Julio-Claudian Family Tree, romans.co.uk/augustus_genealogy.htm (April 11, 2013). romans.co.uk/augustus_genealogy.htm

relationship with the senate: The Law of Treason (Maiestas) “By decree the Senate for preserving the citizens”. His poor attitude toward the Senate was an early sign of the deteriorating relationship that played a role in Rome’s eventual downfall. Professor Eddie Lowry, Clark Collection of Ancient Art “I would ask you sire: when are you going to vote? If first, you set me an example to follow; if last, I am afraid that I may unintentionally disagree with you.” Senator Gnaeus Piso Gov’t

MAGISTRATES LOSE FAVOUR Gov’t Consuls and praetors By the 400s emperors will control so much power that Tiberius can take some blame for starting this trend.

TIBERIUS’ OPPONENTS Coin depicting Stoic Brutus and honouring him for murdering Caesar. The Roman Numismatic Gallery, Imperatorial Coins of the Late Republic, , (April 11, 2013). Social Relations/Gov’t

Self-Imposed Exile Map of Italy, Name Map of Italy and its remote islands; specifically note the Isle of Capri where Tiberius went in 28 CE. Tiberius wasn’t the most popular emperor. Social Relations

Dealing with the early Legions’ revolts  Pannonia “Wretched Pay, Long Terms of Service, and Brutal Disciplinary Enforcement.” 1.European History Wikimedia Commons. Pannonia. (November 5, 2011) Romanization Even from this early time, legions will not always loyally follow their emperor - a sign of decline.

FOREIGN POLICY: maintain frontiers Tiberius avoided war with the powerful Parthians. By the end of the Roman Empire in the west another powerful empire will rise in Iran, so Tiberius can’t be blamed for this factor that contributed to Rome’s decline. History World International, A History of the Parthians, N.d., (April 11, 2013). Romanization

A Citizen’s Rights Decline “Tiberius tried to limit free speech in Rome; a citizen’s right.” Normal men, those of working (Plebian) class, were about to be denied their right to speak freely. Here Tiberius can take some blame for the long, slow erosion of respect for and rights of plebs Rome Reading. (November 5, 2011). Burgan, Micheal. Empire of Ancient. New York: Shoreline Publishing inc, Social Relations

Tiberius’ Religious Views Sympathized with the Christians and treated them well, but still supported the imperial cults. The oberver,2011, Social Relations The growth of Christianity was a factor in Rome’s decline, so Tiberius’ encouragement of this religion may have been an early long-term cause.

taking care of rome’s wealth Like other emperors before and after, Tiberius built a palace on the Palatine Hill in Rome. His excesses were not equal to Nero’s. He contributed his small part to a drain on the treasury that eventually contributed to Rome’s fall. Google Sightseeing, Ancient Rome, Feb. 6, 2013, com/2013/02/ancient-rome/&docid=sZWF5Hokq1PkBM&imgurl= atrb.jpg&w=482&h=323&ei=0OVmUeazC8fW2QWalIGQAw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=304&vpy=306&dur=11656&hovh=184&hovw= 274&tx=61&ty=209&page=5&tbnh=151&tbnw=214&start=83&ndsp=22&ved=1t:429,r:85,s:0,i:339 (April 11, 2013). Economics

InfraSTRUCTURE To assist his treason trials he built permanent barracks for the Praetorian Guard just outside Rome. It wasn’t the building that contributed to decline, in this case, but the fact that he was giving more responsibility to the Praetorian Guard; in turn, that eventually became a factor in weakening the empire. Vroma (Virtual Community for Teaching and Learning Classics), Praetorian Guard, N.d.,e (April 11, 2013).