Chapter 8 Question: Do you think people are “destined” to have land? Explain your answer. Lesson 2 Achieving Manifest Destiny

Reflection Why do you think we learn about Texas in American History? Why do you think we learn about Texas in American History?

“ American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

I. Expansion A. Expansion was part of the concept of Manifest Destiny. B. Roots went back to colonial days. Mid 1600’s Governor John Winthrop of Massachusetts believed if people didn’t improve land-farm, mine or change it, they lost all rights to it. C. This idea grew into the right to settle all of the continent of North America. D. Expansionists-those who wanted to increase U.S. territory. E. Some believe they had the DUTY to extend white American culture.

II. Development of Texas 1. Spain claimed Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California-though few settlers. 2. Only 3500 non-Indian people were scatter across the Southwest by California and Texas-cattle ranchers. New Mexico-herded sheep.

A. U.S. Settlers Welcomed 1. After they bought Louisiana they quickly settled the Mississippi. 2. Spain feared for their land-had few people and were far from Mexico city. 3. Moses Austin-proposed to Spain to allow settlement. In exchange for low-priced land-settlers would be loyal to Spain and accept Catholicism. 4. Spain-thought Texas would be a buffer zone. 5. Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821.

B. Growing Tensions 1. Settlement grew rapidly-outnumbering the Mexican settlers four to one. 2. Texas became a threat. 3. Newer settlers refused to follow conditions. 4. Mexico tried to force settlers to follow- abolished slavery and forbade further immigration. 5. Mexico sent in troops.

III. Texas Gains Independence A. Battle of the Alamo Texas volunteers drove 1100 Mexican troops out of San Antonio. 2. General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna assembled an army to crush them rebels led by 26 year old William Barret Travis occupied an old mission in San Antonio known as the Alamo. 4. Feb 24, 1836 sent over 1000 troops. 5. March 6 th broke through and killed the Texans.

What is the Alamo? Mission San Antonio de Valero; established in 1718, the first of five Spanish missions founded in San Antonio to Christianize and educate resident Indians. Mission San Antonio de Valero; established in 1718, the first of five Spanish missions founded in San Antonio to Christianize and educate resident Indians. Its mission role completed, the old buildings were abandoned by 1836 when the site, by then known as the Alamo, became the "cradle of Texas Liberty." Its mission role completed, the old buildings were abandoned by 1836 when the site, by then known as the Alamo, became the "cradle of Texas Liberty."

What happened….. William Barret Travis and almost two hundred other defenders found themselves surrounded at the Alamo Mission in San Antonio in late February of Refusing to surrender, they held off the invading armies of Mexican Dictator Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna for almost two weeks. William Barret Travis and almost two hundred other defenders found themselves surrounded at the Alamo Mission in San Antonio in late February of Refusing to surrender, they held off the invading armies of Mexican Dictator Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna for almost two weeks. On March 6, 180 courageous Texans were overrun and slaughtered by well over 2000 Mexicans led by General Santa Anna. On March 6, 180 courageous Texans were overrun and slaughtered by well over 2000 Mexicans led by General Santa Anna.

Events of March 3, 1836 Day 13 of the siege: At 1:00 am Mexican troops (1,400 men) move towards positions. At 5:00 am Santa Anna gives signal : Mexican bugler sounds Deguello, four columns of the Mexican army advance on Alamo. Day 13 of the siege: At 1:00 am Mexican troops (1,400 men) move towards positions. At 5:00 am Santa Anna gives signal : Mexican bugler sounds Deguello, four columns of the Mexican army advance on Alamo. Texans repulse twice the invaders with desperate, intense fighting. Heavy Mexican casualties (nearly 600 killed or wounded). Battle rages through The Alamo. Texans repulse twice the invaders with desperate, intense fighting. Heavy Mexican casualties (nearly 600 killed or wounded). Battle rages through The Alamo. 6:30 am : Last firing over. The Alamo has fallen... In the words of General Vincente Filisola, "... by grapeshot, musketshot and the bayonet, they were all killed at last." 6:30 am : Last firing over. The Alamo has fallen... In the words of General Vincente Filisola, "... by grapeshot, musketshot and the bayonet, they were all killed at last."

Colonel William Travis Texas commander of the Alamo (age 26). Texas commander of the Alamo (age 26). His Appeal from the Alamo for reinforcements has become an American symbol of unyielding courage and heroism. His Appeal from the Alamo for reinforcements has become an American symbol of unyielding courage and heroism.Appeal from the AlamoAppeal from the Alamo Gave his life defending the Alamo. Gave his life defending the Alamo.

Davy Crockett A genuine frontiersman and Indian fighter who had no formal schooling, he served in the Tennessee legislature and killed 105 bears between the 1822 and 1823 legislative sessions. A genuine frontiersman and Indian fighter who had no formal schooling, he served in the Tennessee legislature and killed 105 bears between the 1822 and 1823 legislative sessions. "You can go to hell -- I'm going to Texas." "You can go to hell -- I'm going to Texas." Pro-Jackson forces cost him his re-election bid in 1835, and he lit out for Texas with a group of fellow adventurers. Pro-Jackson forces cost him his re-election bid in 1835, and he lit out for Texas with a group of fellow adventurers. Died defending the Alamo Died defending the Alamo

James Bowie Commanded volunteer force at Alamo. Commanded volunteer force at Alamo. Pneumonia disabled Bowie, and he was confined to his cot at the time of his death. Pneumonia disabled Bowie, and he was confined to his cot at the time of his death. Known for his famous "Bowie knife" and a sometimes reckless adventurer. Known for his famous "Bowie knife" and a sometimes reckless adventurer.

Santa Anna Led Mexican rebellion against Texas Led Mexican rebellion against Texas After taking the Alamo, he moved against the forces being massed by Sam Houston, pushing them back toward eastern Texas. After taking the Alamo, he moved against the forces being massed by Sam Houston, pushing them back toward eastern Texas. The army settled into a siesta. And then the Texans struck. Santa Anna was captured the next day, in silk pajamas. The army settled into a siesta. And then the Texans struck. Santa Anna was captured the next day, in silk pajamas.

Remember the Alamo!! Texan Army under Sam Houston shouted "Remember the Alamo!" as they routed Santa Anna at the battle of San Jacinto on April 21, Texan Army under Sam Houston shouted "Remember the Alamo!" as they routed Santa Anna at the battle of San Jacinto on April 21, That battle secured Texas independence. That battle secured Texas independence. Houston was elected the first President of the Republic of Texas. Houston was elected the first President of the Republic of Texas. Sam “The Raven” Houston

Aftermath…. Without the Alamo there could have been no Battle of San Jacinto. Without the Alamo there could have been no Battle of San Jacinto. Without the Battle of San Jacinto, Texas could not have existed. Without the Battle of San Jacinto, Texas could not have existed. Without Texas, the westward expansion of the U.S. would have been thwarted. Without Texas, the westward expansion of the U.S. would have been thwarted. Without the West, the U.S. would have remained an Atlantic power, and not risen to become a world power. Without the West, the U.S. would have remained an Atlantic power, and not risen to become a world power. Without the U.S. as a world power, the world as we see it today would not exist Without the U.S. as a world power, the world as we see it today would not exist

Remember the Alamo!

Davey Crockett’s Last Stand

The Mexican War ( )

Texas Declaration of Independence

Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836 Sam Houston ( ) Steven Austin ( )

B. Lone Star Republic 1. The next day Santa Anna was captured and forced to recognize the independence of Texas. 2. Treaty was not excepted by Mexico-Texas still theirs. 3. U.S. refused to annex Texas to the Union because it was a slave state. 4. For 10 years Texas was an independent republic- called it the Lone Star Republic. 5. First President- Sam Houston.

The Republic of Texas

Texas Flag The official state flag of Texas, called the Lone Star Flag, was adopted in 1845 when Texas became the 28th state of the United States. The official state flag of Texas, called the Lone Star Flag, was adopted in 1845 when Texas became the 28th state of the United States. The colors represent bravery (red), purity (white), and loyalty (blue). The colors represent bravery (red), purity (white), and loyalty (blue). The large white star was first used on Texas flags in the 1830's during the battles between Texas and Mexico. The large white star was first used on Texas flags in the 1830's during the battles between Texas and Mexico.

Question Why do you think the United States went to war with Mexico? Why do you think the United States went to war with Mexico?

IV. War with Mexico A. President James K. Polk-supported annexation and it happened in B. Polk wanted Mexican territory and tried to buy it-when this didn’t work and provoked a war. C. Declared war on May 13, D. Took New Mexico and California

V. Manifest Destiny Achieved A. After two years of war- the Mexican government conceded defeat. B. Feb 1848 signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. C. U.S. paid Mexico $15 million and would assume $ 3.25 million in Mexican debts to American citizens. D. Mexico would cede to the U.S. most of the land of the Rio Grande. E. Manifest destiny was achieved “from sea to shining sea.”

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 Nicholas Trist, American Negotiator

Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo, 1848  Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.  Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.  U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).  Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.  Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.  U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000). The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!

Results of the Mexican War?  The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease).  New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)  These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.  Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.  Manifest Destiny partially realized.  The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of disease).  New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)  These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.  Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.  Manifest Destiny partially realized.

VI. Consequences A. New problems-increased tension between Mexico and the U.S. B. Mexico was humiliated C. American saw themselves as superior and saw Mexico as backwards-an attitude that still exists today. D. The land gained included thousands of Mexican who became citizens. E. As white settlers moved west the treaty protecting Mexican Americans was not enforced.

Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Congr. David Wilmot (D-PA)

Wilmot Proviso An amendment presented on August 8, 1846 by Democratic congressman David Wilmot and supported by northern congressmen to prohibit the establishment of slavery in any territories gained in the Mexican War ( ). It passed in the House, where the North had a majority, but was defeated in the Senate and resulted in increased tensions between the national parties and between Northern and Southern states. An amendment presented on August 8, 1846 by Democratic congressman David Wilmot and supported by northern congressmen to prohibit the establishment of slavery in any territories gained in the Mexican War ( ). It passed in the House, where the North had a majority, but was defeated in the Senate and resulted in increased tensions between the national parties and between Northern and Southern states.Mexican WarMexican War

Reflection What remnants of Mexican influence still remain in California.