Characteristics of Biotic Factors Made of cells. Consist of levels of organization (cell, tissue, organ, organ system) Respond and adapt to their environment Grow and develop Reproduce - The production of offspring that are similar to the parents. Use energy. Undergo chemical reactions (metabolism) Movement. Maintain Homeostasis Response - An action or change in behavior that occurs as a result of a stimulus. Stimulus - A change in an organism’s surroundings that causes the organism to respond. Internal stimulus – From within the organism External stimulus – From outside of the organism

Living Needs organ system Energy Water Living Space = competion Auto = Self Troph = nutrient feeder all organisms of the same kind living in one area Hetero = Different or other group of different kinds of tissues working together group of organs working together one individual living thing group of similar cells organized to work together smallest unit of living things Energy Water Living Space = competion Stable Internal Conditions population organism organ system Homeostasis - The process by which an organism’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in its external environment. Autotroph - An organism that makes its own food. Function - The job or process that an organism's structure or part of its structure carries out. Structure - An organism's body plan, or the way its parts are constructed or arranged. organ tissue Heterotroph - An organism that cannot make its own food. cell

Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

Cell History Robert Hooke –1st to study the structure of the cell (cork) in 1665 (English) Anton van Leeuwenhoek – Created simple microscopes & discovered bacteria (Dutch ) Schleiden and Schwann –1830’s plant & animals are made of cells (German ) Francesco Redi - Italian scientist mid-1600s attempt Louis Pasteur - French mid-1800’s spontaneous generation Spontaneous generation - The mistaken idea that living things arise from nonliving sources. http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/ebook/products/0-13-036800-8/bkaex020.pdf

Cell Structure & Function http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html

Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell

Over 200 different types of human cells Erythrocytes Fibroblasts Epithelial cells (a) Cells that connect body parts, form linings, or transport gases Nerve cell Skeletal Muscle cell Smooth muscle cells (e) Cell that gathers information and control body functions (b) Cells that move organs and body parts Sperm Macrophage (f) Cell of reproduction Fat cell (c) Cell that stores nutrients (d) Cell that fights disease

Generalized Cell Human cells have three basic parts: All cells have some common structures and functions Human cells have three basic parts: Plasma membrane—flexible outer boundary Cytoplasm—intracellular fluid containing organelles Nucleus—control center

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells ~ 1/10 the size of eukaryotic cells Large compared to prokaryotic cells Nuclear area not membrane bound called the nucleoid Membrane bound nucleus w/ a nucleolus Single circular DNA Many chromosomes w/ linear DNA No membrane bound organelles MB: Golgi, lysosomes, ER, peroxisomes, mitochondria

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Similarities Both have ribosomes and cytoplasm Both require a supply of energy Both have DNA as their genetic material Both are covered by a plasma (cell) membrane Both are made from the same basic chemicals: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, minerals, fats and vitamins. Both regulate the flow of the nutrients and wastes that enter and leave them

Prokaryotic Do not have structures surrounded by membranes An organism whose cells lack a true nucleus and Some other cell structures. Do not have structures surrounded by membranes Few internal structures EX: Bacteria Unicellular = one Celled http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cell_structure/cell_structure.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

Eukaryotic An organism with cells that contain nuclei and other cell structures. Contain organelles surrounded by membranes Most living organisms Plant Animal Multicellular = Many cells http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cell_structure/cell_structure.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

Chromatin Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Nucleus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Plasma membrane Mitochondrion Cytosol Lysosome Centrioles Centrosome matrix Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Secretion being released from cell by exocytosis Cytoskeletal elements • Microtubule • Intermediate filaments Peroxisome

Organelles – Small cell structures Cell Parts Organelles – Small cell structures

Surrounding the Cell

Cell Membrane All cells contain a cell membrane Controls movement in and out of the cell (food and oxygen move into the cell, wastes move out) Double layer http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Cell Wall a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. The outermost structure of the plant cell Supports & protects plants cells Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Inside the Cell

Nucleus Directs cell activities because it contains genetic material – DNA “Brains” of the cell Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane

Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus Openings (pores) allow material to enter and leave nucleus http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

A rod-shaped cellular structure made of Chromosomes A rod-shaped cellular structure made of condensed chromatin In nucleus Made of DNA Contain instructions to make proteins that result in traits & characteristics http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Nucleolus Inside nucleus Creates ribosomes Contains RNA to build proteins http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Cytoplasm Gel-like mixture – 80% water Located between the nucleus and cell membrane Many organelles found suspended within the cytoplasm (holds organelles in place) Cyto = cell Plasm = to form or mold

Endoplasmic Reticulum Transport system (highway system in the cell) Moves materials Smooth type: lacks ribosomes Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/pev/page3.html

Ribosomes Make proteins Each cell contains thousands - found on ER & floating throughout the cytoplasm http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Mitochondria Produces energy through chemical reactions – THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL Where Cellular Respiration occurs Controls level of water and other materials in cell Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Golgi Bodies Packaging and shipping Sorts, modifies, stores, packages & distribute materials Move materials within & out of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes to digest nutrients – breaks down old cell parts, bacteria, and viruses Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal Contains water solution Help plants maintain shape http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Chloroplast Usually found in plant cells Contains green chlorophyll Where photosynthesis takes place (absorbs the suns light energy and converts it to chemical energy) http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cell_structure/cell_structure.htm