PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy  Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology  Study of how the body and its parts work or function

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy—Levels of Study  Gross anatomy  Large structures  Easily observable Figure 14.1

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy—Levels of Study  Microscopic Anatomy  Very small structures  Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4c–d

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ)‏ Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 1 Molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Level  Chemical level – is the simplest level of the structural hierarchy  At this level, atoms(tiny building blocks of matter) combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins  Molecules associate in specific ways to form organelles (basic components of microscopic cells)  Cells are the smallest units of living things

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 2 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissue Level  Tissue Level – 2 nd level of the structural hierarchy  Tissues – are groups of similar cells that have a common function  4 Tissue Types: epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, nervous tissue  Epithelium – covers the body surface & lines its cavities  Muscles – provides movement  Connective Tissue – supports and protects body organs  Nervous Tissue – provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 3 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 4 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ)‏ Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 5 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ)‏ Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System  Organ System – 3 rd level of the structural hierarchy  Organ – is a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types  At the organ level extremely complex functions become possible  Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up an organ system  Ex: Organs of the cardiovascular system (mainly heart and blood vessels) see to it that blood circulates continuously to carry oxygen & nutrients to all body cells  Organ Systems: Cardiovascular, Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Respiratory, Digestive, Lymphatic, Urinary, Reproductive

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 6 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ)‏ Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2a Organ System Overview  Integumentary  Forms the external body covering  Protects deeper tissue from injury  Helps regulate body temperature  Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2b Organ System Overview  Skeletal  Protects and supports body organs  Provides muscle attachment for movement  Site of blood cell formation  Stores minerals

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2c Organ System Overview  Muscular  Produces movement  Maintains posture  Produces heat

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Nervous  Fast-acting control system  Responds to internal and external change  Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Endocrine  Secretes regulatory hormones  Growth  Reproduction  Metabolism Figure 1.2e