Tesla Car Battery Technology By: Tristan White, Fritz Rudolph, and Maddie Finau

Background - Tesla Roadster 2008: Production began Price: $109,0001 Projected to retain 70% battery capacity after driving 10,000mi/yr for 5 years2 Battery pack located in back; weighs 900 pounds, about the size of a trunk3 arabareism.net/files/images/Tesla-Roadster-2008-Model-1024x768-arabalar-araba-resimleri-duvar-kagitlari.jpg 1. “Battery.” Tesla Motors. Tesla, 26 Jan 2011. Web. 28 Sept. 2015. 2. Sexton, Chief Science Officer, Tom. “Plug in America’s Tesla Roadster Battery Study.” Plug in America’s Tesla Roadster Battery Study (2013): 1-14. Pluginamerica.org Web. 28 Sept. 2015. 3. Ellison, Katherine. “Revving up Renewable Energy.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5.5 (2007): 284. Web. 28 Sept. 2015.

Roadster (cont.) Two hour battery re-charge1 7,000 small lithium batteries wired together2 Same type of batteries in laptops Can be very expensive Not designed for long life upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/68/Tesla_Motors_logo.svg/708px-Tesla_Motors_logo.svg.png 1. Ellison, Katherine. “Revving up Renewable Energy.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5.5 (2007): 284. Web. 28 Sept. 2015. 2. Rahman, Md., Xiaoijan Wang, and Cuie Wen. “A Review Of High Energy Density Lithium-Air Battery Technology.” Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 44.1 (2014): 5 22. Web. 30 Oct. 2015.

Model S 160, 230, 300 (for mileage per charge) 2012: Began production Price range: $49,900-69,9001 Retains 70% of initial battery capacity after 100,000 miles1 Flat/sleek battery structure; mounted under floor1 45 minute battery re-charge1 media.caranddriver.com/images/12q2/461960/2012-tesla-model-s-photo-462014-s-1280x782.jpg 1. Milo, Paul. “It’s the Battery.” EE: Evaluation Engineering Sept. 2011:6. Academic Search Complete. Web. 29 Sept. 2015.

Current State-Tesla Roadster 3.0 (1) Current State-Tesla Roadster 3.0 Cost: $ 110,0001 Mileage: 250 miles per charge1 Power: stores 56 kWh, delivers 215 kW3 Cell Count: over 6,000 cells3 Acceleration: 0-60 in 3.7 seconds1 Lithium Ion: lighter/higher density3 (2) (1)Oagana, Alex. "2015 Tesla Roadster 3.0." Top Speed RSS. Top Speed, 30 Dec. 2014. Web. 14 Nov. 2015. <http://www.topspeed.com/cars/tesla/2015-tesla-roadster-30-ar166846.html>. (3)Tesla Motors. “Increasing Energy Density Means Increasing Range.” Roadster Technology -. Tesla Motors, 2015. Web. 28 Sept. 2015. <http://my.teslamotors.com/roadster/technology/battery>. (2)Battery Universe. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2015. <http://www.batteryuniverse.com/images/batteryplusminus.jpg>.

Current Challenges-Tesla Roadster 3.0 (2) Current Challenges-Tesla Roadster 3.0 Cost: Tesla Roadsters are expensive5 Energy Density: More Density=More Range3 Weight: 990 pounds3 Safety: Exposure1 Weather Conditions: Cooling and Heating3 (4) (1)Battery University. "Lithium-Ion Safety Concerns." Battery University. Isidor Buchmann, 2012. Web. 14 Nov. 2015. <http://batteryuniversity.com /learn/article/lithium_ion_safety_concerns>. (5)Oagana, Alex. "2015 Tesla Roadster 3.0." Top Speed RSS. Top Speed, 30 Dec. 2014. Web. 14 Nov. 2015. <http://www.topspeed.com/cars/tesla/2015-tesla-roadster-30-ar166846.html>. (3)Tesla Motors. “Increasing Energy Density Means Increasing Range.” Roadster Technology -. Tesla Motors, 2015. Web. 28 Sept. 2015. <http://my.teslamotors.com/roadster/technology/battery>. (4)The Super Cars. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2015. <http://www.thesupercars.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/2012-Tesla-Roadster-2.5-in-the-snow.jpg>. (2)Extreme Tech. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2015. <http://www.extremetech.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/tesla-roadster-battery.jpg>.

Lithium-air Future Batteries: Can store more energy 1 Use Au and Pt as catalysts 2 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Li-air-charge-discharge.jpg 1. Rahman, Md., Xiaoijan Wang, and Cuie Wen. “A Review Of High Energy Density Lithium-Air Battery Technology.” Journal Of Applied Electrochemistry 44.1 (2014): 5-22. Web. 30 Oct. 2015 2. Ellison, Katherine. "Revving up Renewable Energy." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5.5 (2007): 284. Web. 28 Sept. 2015.

Challenges to Lithium-air Electrodes are unstable 1 Au and Pt are expensive 2 Moisture degrades the battery faster 1 https://wallpaperscraft.com/image/gold_stones_bullion_pebbles_72319_3840x2400.jpg 1. Rahman, Md., Xiaoijan Wang, and Cuie Wen. “A Review Of High Energy Density Lithium- Air Battery Technology.” Journal Of Applied Electrochemistry 44.1 (2014): 5-22. Web. 30 Oct. 2015 2. Ellison, Katherine. "Revving up Renewable Energy." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5.5 (2007): 284. Web. 28 Sept. 2015. http://files.moguldom.net/sites/21/2014/05/platinum.jpg

Sources: •Telias, Gabriela, Kristin Day, and Philipp Dietrich. “RD&D Cooperation for the Development of Fuel Cell, Hybrid, and Electric Vehicles within the International Energy Agency : Preprint.” (eBook, 2011) [The Ohio State University]. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 5-9 Nov. 2010. Web. 28 Sept. 2015. <http://osu.worldcat.org/title/rdd-cooperation-for-the-development-of-fuel-cell-hybrid-and-electric-vehicles-within-the-international-energy- agency-preprint/oclc/700944118&referer=brief_results>. •Saxton, Chief Science Officer, Tom. “Plug In America's Tesla Roadster Battery Study.” Plug In America’s Tesla Roadster Battery Study (2013): 1-14. Pluginamerica.org. Web. 28 Sept. 2015. <http://www.pluginamerica.org/surveys/batteries/tesla-roadster/PIA-Roadster-Battery-Study.pdf>. • LeVine, Steve. "Battery Powered." Foreign Affairs 94.2 (2015): 119-124. Academic Search Complete. Web. 29 Sept. 2015. •Milo, Paul. "It's the Battery." EE: Evaluation Engineering Sept. 2011: 6. Academic Search Complete. Web. 29 Sept. 2015. •Friend, Tad. "Plugged In." New Yorker 85.25 (2009): 50-59. Academic Search Complete. Web. 30 Sept. 2015. •"Battery." Tesla Motors. Tesla, 26 Jan. 2011. Web. 28 Sept. 2015. •Eberhard, Martin. "A Bit About Batteries." Web log post. Tesla Motors. Tesla, 30 Nov. 2006. Web. 28 Sept. 2015. • Ellison, Katherine. "Revving up Renewable Energy." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5.5 (2007): 284. Web. 28 Sept. 2015. •Rahman, Md., Xiaoijan Wang, and Cuie Wen. “A Review Of High Energy Density Lithium-Air Battery Technology.” Journal Of Applied Electrochemistry 44.1 (2014): 5-22. Web. 30 Oct. 2015