21 st Century American Foreign Policy Dr. Bruce W. Jentleson

Unit 3 War, Peace, Terrorism, Democracy: Old and New Challenges in the Middle East 3A:United States and the Arab-Israeli Conflict 3B: 9/11 and Its Ongoing Effects 3C: Arab Awakening: Regional Patterns, Some Key Countries (Egypt, Syria, Others) 3D: US and Iran

Map 11.1 from AFP 5e The Middle East

Middle East and the 4 Ps Power – Cold War containment and competition with the Soviet Union – Iraq wars: , – Iran (session 3D) – Al Qaeda, other terrorists Peace – Arab-Israeli peace efforts and US major role

Prosperity – Oil – Arms sales Principles – Arab monarchies, dictatorships, and military regimes: “He may be a [repressive ruler], but he’s our [foreign policy supporter]” – Israel and Palestinian human rights, occupation – Arab Awakening and the above

I.Wars II.Peace Initiatives: Camp David Accords (1979), Oslo Peace Process (1993) III.Current Status and Issues 3A: United States and the Arab-Israeli Conflict

Arab-Israeli Conflict

I. Wars More wars in the Middle East (post-1945) than any other region; many, although not all, Arab-Israeli 1948 War – United Nations partition plan, creating independent countries Israel and Palestine – Arab states (Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq) seek to destroy Israel – “Naqba”, Palestinians forced to leave their homes and villages within Israel – 1949 armistice, war ends, Israel survives, West Bank controlled by Jordan and Gaza Strip by Egypt

1967 Six Day War – Surprise attack being planned against Israel by surrounding Arab states – Israel strikes pre-emptively, wins the war in six days – Takes control of the West Bank and Gaza, all of Jerusalem, Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights – UN Security Council Resolution 242 (1967), land for peace

Lands taken by Israel in 1967 war: Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, West Bank, Gaza

1973 War (Yom Kippur War) – Surprise attack led by Egypt and Syria, initial military success – Israel mobilizes, pushes back; truce brokered by UN and supported by the Soviet Union and United States

II. Peace Initiatives Egypt-Israel – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat takes the initiative, goes to Israel Sadat speaking to the Israeli Knesset, Nov 1977

Camp David Negotiations and Peace Treaty, , Begin, Carter and Sadat

Peace treaty between Egypt and Israel – First peace between Israel and an Arab state – Other Arab states rejectionist – Sadat assassinated, 1981 – Included some provisions regarding the Palestinians, but did not have much actual impact, and was negotiated without Palestinian participation

More war: e.g., 1982 Israel-Lebanon Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) – Founded in 1960s – Led by Yasir Arafat – 1972 Munich Olympics terrorism, airplane hijackings – 1987 “intifada” (uprising) Israeli settlements in occupied territories (West Bank, Gaza)

1993 Oslo Agreement – Israeli-Palestinian initial peace agreement – Step by step process over five years with interim agreements along the way – Palestinians establish interim government, Palestinian Authority, with Arafat as the head of it – Occupation ends on some parts of West Bank, some restrictions on Israeli settlements

Bill Clinton Shimon Peres Yasir Arafat Yitzhak Rabin

Some progress made, but only some, peace process largely falls apart – 1995 assassination of Prime Minister Rabin by Israeli extremist – Palestinian terrorism surges – Israeli politics – Settlements increase – Arafat – 2 nd intifada, starts in late 2000 – Effects of 9/11

III. Current Status and Issues 2013, most serious peace talks since Key players: US Secretary of State John Kerry Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas

Land for peace – Borders and internal geographic cohesiveness for Palestine – Genuine commitment to peace and security for Israel Israeli settlements – All/Some/Most dismantled? – Economic compensation – Israel’s own politics around the settlements

Israeli security assurances – Inherent security dilemma – Demilitarized Palestinian state? – Forward basing or early warning? – Other Arab States – Syria and the Golan Heights Right of return – Palestinian position – Israeli position

Jerusalem: The Dome of the Rock and the Wailing Wall

Citations Map of Middle East: fa50d2c8510bcde7. Google Maps. Map of Israel: Public domain. via Wikimedia Commons. Sadat Image: Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Begin, Sadat and Carter: jpg. By Fitz-Patrick, Bill, photographer [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons Clinton: By Bob McNeely, The White House [1] [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons Arafat: By Tibor Végh (Arafat.jpg) [CC-BY-3.0 ( via Wikimedia Commons Rabin: CC BY-SA 3.0

Citations Peres: By World Economic Forum (originally posted to Flickr as Shimon Peres) [CC-BY-SA-2.0 ( via Wikimedia Commons Kerry: te_portrait.jpg. By United States Department of State (Department of State) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons Netanyahu: Public domain, The White House Abbas: By Matty Stern (U.S. Embassy, Tel Aviv) (Cropped from State Dept photo at [1]) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons Wailing Wall: ll_by_Peter_Mulligan.jpg. By Peter Mulligan [CC-BY-2.0 ( via Wikimedia Commons