© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Professor Veronica Emilia Nuzzolo Introductory Psychology Concepts CHAPTER 4 STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4-2 Sleep: Changing patterns of brain-wave activity help define the various stages of sleep. Awake/alert Relaxed/drowsy

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4-3 Stage 1: Light Sleep Sleep Progresses Through Four Stages Brain waves become slower as sleep deepens from Stage 1 through Stage 4.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4-4 Sleep Progresses Through Four Stages Brain waves become slower as sleep deepens from Stage 1 through Stage 4. Stage 1: Light Sleep Stage 2: Sleep Spindles

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4-5 Sleep Progresses Through Four Stages Brain waves become slower as sleep deepens from Stage 1 through Stage 4. Stage 1: Light Sleep Stage 2: Sleep Spindles Stage 3: First Delta Waves

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4-6 Sleep Progresses Through Four Stages Brain waves become slower as sleep deepens from Stage 1 through Stage 4. Stage 1: Light Sleep Stage 2: Sleep Spindles Stage 3: First Delta Waves Stage 4: Delta Waves

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4-7 REM Sleep: Characterized by rapid eye movements (REM), high arousal, frequent dreaming. Hours of Sleep

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4-8 REM Sleep: Characterized by rapid eye movements (REM), high arousal, frequent dreaming. People typically average four to five REM periods during the night, these become longer as the night wears on. On this night, REM 5 period was cut short because the person awakened. Hours of Sleep

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4-9 Dreaming Areas active during REM sleep Throughout the night, we dream most often during REM sleep, when activity in many brain areas is highest.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Sleep Disorders Almost 75 percent of American adults feel that they have some type of sleep problem (National Sleep Foundation, 2002). + Insomnia Chronic difficulty in falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restful sleep. + Narcolepsy Extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks that last from less than a minute to an hour. + REM-Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) The loss of muscle tone that causes normal REM-paralysis is absent. + Sleepwalking Typically occurs during a stage-3 or stage-4 period of slow-wave sleep. + Nightmares and Night Terrors Frightening dreams that arouse the sleeper to a near-panic state. + Sleep Apnea Breathing is repeatedly stopped and restarted during sleep.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Dreams: a normal part of sleep  (Tend to be) subjective to the person having them  Common elements frequently occur in everyone’s dreams Thematic Element Aggression Friendliness Sexuality Misfortune Success Failure Percentage of Respondents Reporting at Least One Males 47% Females 44% Source: Schneiger; A., & Domhoff, G.W. (2002).

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Causes of Sleep Deprivation: Sleep disorders People wanting to stay awake Worry, anxiety, stress, depression Drug usage (prescription or non-prescription) Shift work Children

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Average Amounts of Sleep Although most people report sleeping between eight and nine hours per night, the amount varies a great deal.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Dreams: a normal part of sleep  (Tend to be) Subjective to the person having them  Common elements frequently occur in everyone’s dreams Thematic Element Aggression Friendliness Sexuality Misfortune Success Failure Percentage of Respondents Reporting at Least One Males 47% Females 44% Source: Schneiger; A., & Domhoff, G.W. (2002).

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Stages of REM Sleep and Dreams

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Sleep Deprivation Causes:  Sleep disorders  People wanting to stay awake  Worry (anxiety, stress, depression, etc.)  Drug usage (prescription, over the counter, or illegal drugs) Although most people report sleeping between eight and nine hours per night, the amount varies a great deal.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Dream Theories Freud’s Unconscious Wish Fulfillment Theory  Dreaming is the gratification of unconscious desires and needs. According to Freud:  Latent Content:  “Disguised” meanings of dreams.  Hidden by more obvious subjects.  Manifest Content:  Apparent storyline of dreams.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Theories of Dreaming Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis  Allan Hobson’s theory  The brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep.  Stimulates memories lodged in various portions of the brain. According to Hobson: The scenario a dreamer produces is not random. It is a clue to the dreamer’s fears emotions concerns Dreams start as random processes and culminate into something meaningful.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Theories of Dreaming Cognitive Theories  Problem solving dream model  Dreams are not constrained by reality  Help find creative solutions to problems and concerns (Cartwright, 1977)

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Drug: Any substance that alters consciousness.  Psychoactive Drugs + Induce an altered state of consciousness. + Affects a person’s  emotions  perceptions  behaviors  Addictive Drugs + Produce dependence  Biological  Psychological + Withdrawal leads to a craving for the drug that, in some cases may be nearly irresistible.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Classifications of Drugs Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates Narcotics: Heroin, Morphine Hallucinogens: Cannabis, LSD

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Classifications of Drugs Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines  Increase neural firing and arouse the nervous system. Effects Increased confidence Mood elevation Sense of energy and alertness Decreased appetite Anxiety Irritability Insomnia Transient drowsiness Delayed orgasm

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Classifications of Drugs Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines Adverse/Overdose Reactions Elevated blood pressure Increased body temperature Face picking Bizarre and repetitious behavior Vivid hallucinations Convulsions Possible death Withdrawal Symptoms  Apathy  General fatigue  Prolonged sleep and bizarre dreams  Depression and suicidal thoughts  Disorientation  Agitated motor activity  Irritability

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Effects Reduces anxiety Impulsiveness Dramatic mood swings Bizarre thoughts Suicidal behavior Slurred speech Disorientation Slowed mental and physical functioning Limited attention span Classifications of Drugs Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates Decrease nervous system activity.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Adverse/Overdose Reactions Confusion Decreased response to pain Shallow respiration Dilated pupils Weak and rapid pulse Coma and possible death Withdrawal Symptoms Weakness Restlessness Nausea and vomiting Headaches Nightmares Irritability Depression Acute anxiety Hallucinations Seizures and possible death Classifications of Drugs Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Effects Anxiety Pain reduction Apathy Euphoria Difficulty concentrating Slowed speech Decreased physical activity Drooling Itching Nausea Classifications of Drugs Narcotics: Heroin, Morphine

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Adverse/Overdose Reactions Depressed levels of consciousness Low blood pressure Rapid heart rate Shallow breathing Convulsions Coma and possible death Withdrawal Symptoms Anxiety and/or panic Vomiting Sneezing Diarrhea Lower back pain and/or muscle cramping Watery eyes, runny nose Yawning Irritability Tremors, chills sweating Classifications of Drugs Narcotics: Heroin, Morphine

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Withdrawal Symptoms Hyperactivity Insomnia Decreased appetite Anxiety Depression Sleeplessness Effects Euphoria Relaxed inhibitions Increased appetite Disorientated behavior Classifications of Drugs Hallucinogens: Cannabis, LSD

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Adverse/Overdose Reactions (LSD) Nausea and chills Increased pulse, temperature and blood pressure Slow, deep breathing Loss of appetite Insomnia Bizarre, dangerous behavior Adverse/Overdose Reactions (Cannabis) Panic Paranoia Fatigue Bizarre and dangerous behavior Decreased testosterone over long-term Immune system effects Classifications of Drugs Hallucinogens: Cannabis, LSD

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Hypnosis: A state of heightened suggestibility in which some people are able to experience imagined situations as if they were real. Dissociation Theories of Hypnosis Viewing hypnosis as an altered state involving a division (dissociation) of consciousness. Social-Cognitive Theories of Hypnosis Hypnotic experiences result from expectations of people who are motivated to take on the role of being hypnotized.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Methods of Quitting Drugs  Twelve Step Programs  Group Meetings  Sponsor  Medical Assistance  Medication  Aversion  Inpatient versus Outpatient Programs  Conditioning and Cognitive Intervention  Altering environments reduces exposure to and impact of reinforcers  Awareness of addiction and drugs reduces negative thinking  Social Psychological Approach  Interpersonal and intrapersonal dynamics  Increase self esteem to enable better choices

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Consciousness:  Moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves and our environment.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Awake/alert Relaxed/drowsy Sleep: Changing patterns of brain-wave activity help define the various stages of sleep.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Stage 1: Light Sleep Sleep Progresses Through Four Stages Brain waves become slower as sleep deepens from Stage 1 through Stage 4.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Sleep Progresses Through Four Stages Brain waves become slower as sleep deepens from Stage 1 through Stage 4. Stage 1: Light Sleep Stage 2: Sleep Spindles

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Sleep Progresses Through Four Stages Brain waves become slower as sleep deepens from Stage 1 through Stage 4. Stage 1: Light Sleep Stage 2: Sleep Spindles Stage 3: First Delta Waves

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Stage 1: Light Sleep Sleep Progresses Through Four Stages Brain waves become slower as sleep deepens from Stage 1 through Stage 4. Stage 2: Sleep Spindles Stage 3: First Delta Waves Stage 4: Delta Waves

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc REM Sleep: Characterized by rapid eye movements (REM), high arousal, frequent dreaming. Hours of sleep

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Drug: Any substance that alters consciousness.  Psychoactive Drugs + Induce an altered state of consciousness. + Affects a person’s  emotions  perceptions  behaviors  Addictive Drugs + Produce dependence  Biological  Psychological + Withdrawal leads to a craving for the drug that, in some cases may be nearly irresistible.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Classifications of Drugs Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates Narcotics: Heroin, Morphine Hallucinogens: Cannabis, LSD

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Classifications of Drugs Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines  Increase neural firing and arouse the nervous system. Effects Increased confidence Mood elevation Sense of energy and alertness Decreased appetite Anxiety Irritability Insomnia Transient drowsiness Delayed orgasm

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Classifications of Drugs Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines Adverse/Overdose Reactions Elevated blood pressure Increased body temperature Face picking Bizarre and repetitious behavior Vivid hallucinations Convulsions Possible death Withdrawal Symptoms  Apathy  General fatigue  Prolonged sleep and bizarre dreams  Depression and suicidal thoughts  Disorientation  Agitated motor activity  Irritability

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Effects Reduces anxiety Impulsiveness Dramatic mood swings Bizarre thoughts Suicidal behavior Slurred speech Disorientation Slowed mental and physical functioning Limited attention span Classifications of Drugs Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates Decrease nervous system activity.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Adverse/Overdose Reactions Confusion Decreased response to pain Shallow respiration Dilated pupils Weak and rapid pulse Coma and possible death Withdrawal Symptoms Weakness Restlessness Nausea and vomiting Headaches Nightmares Irritability Depression Acute anxiety Hallucinations Seizures and possible death Classifications of Drugs Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Effects Anxiety Pain reduction Apathy Euphoria Difficulty concentrating Slowed speech Decreased physical activity Drooling Itching Nausea Classifications of Drugs Narcotics: Heroin, Morphine

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Adverse/Overdose Reactions Depressed levels of consciousness Low blood pressure Rapid heart rate Shallow breathing Convulsions Coma and possible death Withdrawal Symptoms Anxiety and/or panic Vomiting Sneezing Diarrhea Lower back pain and/or muscle cramping Watery eyes, runny nose Yawning Irritability Tremors, chills sweating Classifications of Drugs Narcotics: Heroin, Morphine

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Withdrawal Symptoms Hyperactivity Insomnia Decreased appetite Anxiety Depression Sleeplessness Effects Euphoria Relaxed inhibitions Increased appetite Disorientated behavior Classifications of Drugs Hallucinogens: Cannabis, LSD

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Adverse/Overdose Reactions (LSD) Nausea and chills Increased pulse, temperature and blood pressure Slow, deep breathing Loss of appetite Insomnia Bizarre, dangerous behavior Adverse/Overdose Reactions (Cannabis) Panic Paranoia Fatigue Bizarre and dangerous behavior Decreased testosterone over long-term Immune system effects Classifications of Drugs Hallucinogens: Cannabis, LSD

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Hypnosis: A state of heightened suggestibility in which some people are able to experience imagined situations as if they were real. Dissociation Theories of Hypnosis Viewing hypnosis as an altered state involving a division (dissociation) of consciousness. Social-Cognitive Theories of Hypnosis Hypnotic experiences result from expectations of people who are motivated to take on the role of being hypnotized.