Tip of the tongue state sematics

What do these words mean? ● Fecundity

What do these words mean? ● Fecundity ● Amalgam

What word fits this definition? What do call someone who gives their life for a cause

What word fits this definition? What do you call false testimony under oath?

What word fits this definition? What do you call people who explore caves?

Tip of the tongue ● How can you get someone into it? – Riefer(2002): Asked participants to name TV show based either one theme song or on picture of cast members

Tip of the tongue ● Does it matter if ToT is produced visually or verbally?

Tip of the tongue ● Does it matter if ToT is produced visually or verbally?

Tip of the tongue ● Are TOTs universal? Can you have them even if you are not literate? ● Brennen Created tip of the tongue states of Qui’chi, Mayan language with no written system – Schooled Literates in Spanish – Unschooled Literates in Spanish – Non-literates in any language – University students

Tip of the tongue ● All experienced tip of the tongue states but ● Only university students and schooled literates said they could recall specific aspects of words (3 syllables, rhymes with... etc.)

Tip of the tongue ● All experienced tip of the tongue states but ● Only university students and schooled literates said they could recall specific aspects of words (3 syllables, rhymes with... etc.) ● What does this tell you?

Tip of the tongue

Defining meaning ● Is almost impossible ● Requires taking into consideration many things:

Defining meaning ● Is almost impossible ● Requires taking into consideration many things: – personal experience – beliefs – culture – personal interpretation

Semantic Primes ● Phonology assumes that sounds are made up of features

Semantic Primes ● So why can't meanings? – Man is [+HUMAN], [+MALE], [+ADULT] – Woman is [+HUMAN], [-MALE], [+ADULT] – Boy is [+HUMAN], [+MALE], [-ADULT] – Girl is [+HUMAN], [-MALE], [-ADULT]

Semantic Primes ● Wierzbicka

Semantic Primes ● Can you describe every word with some feature?

Semantic Primes ● Can you describe every word with some feature? ● Too simplistic

Lexical Decision Task ● One way of seeing how words are stored or related is to measure how long it takes to recognize them. – Task: press yes if the word you see (or hear) is a word and no if it isn't.

Lexical Decision Task ● One way of seeing how words are stored or related is to measure how long it takes to recognize them. – Task: press yes if the word you see (or hear) is a word and no if it isn't. – Reaction time measured

Lexical Decision Task ● Some findings: – longer words take longer to recognize – less frequent words take longer to recognize

Lexical Decision Task ● Priming: seeing (or hearing) a word activates words that are connected to it

Lexical Decision Task ● Priming: seeing (or hearing) a word activates words that are connected to it ● So RT to a related word will be affected – If RT speeds up there is facilitatory priming – If RT slows down there is inhibitory priming

Lexical Decision Task ● Word thought to affect other word, and which is seen first is the PRIME ● Word thought to be affected by prime is the Target

Lexical Decision Task ● Word thought to affect other word, and which is seen first is the PRIME ● Word thought to be affected by prime is the Target – Prime: tree – Target: leaf

The Bilingual Lexicon ● How are two languages stored in the mind?

The Bilingual Lexicon ● How are two languages stored in the mind? ● Definition of bilingual? – Simultaneous acquisition – Acquired early in life – Acquired late in life – Dormant: moved from L1 and rarely speaks – Balanced: speak both equally well

The Bilingual Lexicon ● How are words in both languages related? Semantically, phonologically, both? – Give first word you think of in other language profound plum daughter school

The Bilingual Lexicon ● Non bilinguals gave two kinds of answers – Paradigmatic (semantic) man > woman/child – Syntagmatic (syntactic) brush > teeth hold > hand bank > robber

The Bilingual Lexicon ● Native French L2 learners of English gave phonological answers – profound > plafond, professeur

The Bilingual Lexicon ● Native French L2 learners of English gave phonological answers – profound > plafond, professeur ● So phonology seems more important in bilingualism – Makes sense. Meaning takes lifetime of experience

The Bilingual Lexicon ● How do the languages affect each other? – L1 affects L2? – L2 affect L1? – They both affect each other?

The Bilingual Lexicon ● How do the languages affect each other? – L1 affects L2? – L2 affect L1? – They both affect each other? ● L1 affects L2

The Bilingual Lexicon ● What does priming show? – English prime:garbage – Spanish target:basura – Spanish prime:cortina – English target:curtain

The Bilingual Lexicon ● What does priming show? – English prime:garbage – Spanish target:basura – Spanish prime:cortina – English target:curtain ● For Simultaneous speakers there is more priming effect ● For less proficient there is less priming

The Bilingual Lexicon ● Which direction does priming go for simultaneous?

The Bilingual Lexicon ● Which direction does priming go for simultaneous? – both ways

The Bilingual Lexicon ● Other kinds of relationships to test – cognates versus non-cognates cognate: planta plant non-cognate: suelo floor

The Bilingual Lexicon ● Other kinds of relationships to test – cognates versus non-cognates cognate: planta plant non-cognate: suelo floor ● Cognates prime better

The Bilingual Lexicon ● Other kinds of relationships to test – non-cognates bird oisseau(bird) – false cognates cat gateau (cat cake)

The Bilingual Lexicon ● Other kinds of relationships to test – non-cognates bird oisseau(bird) – false cognates cat gateau (cat cake) ● False cognates prime better

The Bilingual Lexicon ● Other kinds of relationships to test – Phonological/orthographic priming versus semantic priming phono/ortho: cannon cantina semantic: artist pintar(paint) – Semantic priming is weak in monolinguals

The Trilingual Lexicon ● Two kinds of participants – L1 Spanish, L2 English, L3 French – L1 English, L2 Spanish, L3 French ● Primes in English and Spanish ● Targets always in French – casa > maison – house > maison

The Trilingual Lexicon ● Three kinds of primes – Phonologically similar – Semantically similar – Semantically and phonologically similar

Phonological Priming Spanish Prime English Prime

Semantic Priming English Prime Spanish Prime

Semantic and Phonological Priming