Ancient Civilizations of the Americas

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Presentation transcript:

Ancient Civilizations of the Americas Lecture 8: The Rise of Monte Alban in the Valley of Oaxaca

Zapotecs and Mixtecs Language: Otto-Manguean family Location: Mixtecs – Mixteca Alta (highlands), Nochixtlán Valley, Mixteca Baja, Mixteca de la Costa Zapotecs: Valley of Oaxaca

John C. Gibson viewing the Valley of Oaxaca in 1965

Monte Albán I: 500-350 BC

Apart from population increases during Monte Albán I: Houses go from being built of wattle and cane to being built of adobe People move into the risky piedmont zone and establish irrigation systems. Ceramics go from being user-produced to being manufactured by specialists. Comales are made and used for the first time.

Monte Albán

Brief History of Investigations of Monte Albán 1902 Leopoldo Batres excavates at Monte Albán and removes many of the Danzante slabs. 1931-1949 Excavations carried out by Alfonso Caso, Ignacio Bernal, and Jorge Acosta Opening of 170 tombs, reconstruction of many buildings. 1971 Valley of Oaxaca Settlement Pattern Project initiated by Richard Blanton (student of Kent Flannery). Joined by Stephen Kowalewski and Gary Feinman. Surveyed and mapped entire valley, produced numerous publications. 1992-1994 Marcus Winter excavates at Monte Albán.

After Leopoldo Batres

Late Monte Albán I. 350-200 BC Population at Monte Albán reaches 17,000 Hilltop is leveled Danzantes increases to 320 Work begins on a defensive wall surrounding Monte Albán

Monte Albán II 200 BC – AD 300 The reach of Monte Albán extends beyond the Valley of Oaxaca – military outpost established 100 km to the north. Entire top of Monte Albán is leveled. Structure J established to commemorate military victories over named localities. Ball court is added Piedmont Zone is abandoned. Secondary centers, such as San Jose Mogote, gain in population and elaboration

Structure J Monte Albán

Lápida 14: One of 40 “conquest slabs” set into Building J Reading: Year: 6 Turquoise Place Name Mountain/Place sign Inverted head Date: 11 Arrow Lápida 14: One of 40 “conquest slabs” set into Building J

Site of Loma de la Coyotera, 80 km northeast of Monte Albán is sacked and burned during Monte Albán II.. 61 skulls of the inhabitants were mounted on a rack.

Identification of conquered towns named in the Monte Albán conquest slabs

Kent Flannery and Joyce Marcus determined that Monte Albán had become a state during Monte Albán II. The Cloud People 1983 Characteristics of a State Full-time leaders not related to commoners. 4 level administrative hierarchy. Tax and tribute system Professional army