THE URINARY SYSTEM

URINARY SYSTEM

ALSO CALLED THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM RESPONSIBLE FOR REMOVING CERTAIN WASTES FROM THE SYSTEM AND MAINTAINING THE BODIES ACID-BASE BALANCE ONE OF THE MAJOR SYSTEMS THAT MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASIS (A STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM OR CONSTANT STATE OF NATURAL BALANCE IN THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE BODY). PARTS: TWO KIDNEYS, TWO URETERS, ONE BLADDER, ONE URETHRA

URINARY SYSTEM KIDNEY BEAN SHAPED ORGANS LOCATED ON EITHER SIDE OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN, BEHIND THE UPPER PART OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY SEPARATED FROM THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY BY THE PERITONEUM PROTECTED BY THE RIBS AND HEAVY CUSHION OF FAT HELD IN PLACE BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE ENCLOSED IN AN ADIPOSE CAPSULE OR MASS OF FATTY TISSUE AND SURROUNDED BY THE RENAL FASCIA A TOUGH FIBROUS TISSUE.

URINARY SYSTEM KIDNEY CONT… DIVIDED INTO TWO SECTIONS THE CORTEX AND THE MEDULLA CORTEX IS THE OUTER MOST SECTION AND IT CONTAINS MOST NEPHRONS (MICROSCOPIC FILTERING UNITS) MEDULLA-INNER MOST SECTION THAT CONTAINS MOST OF THE COLLECTING TUBULES THE HILUM IS A NOTCHED AREA THROUGH WHICH THE URETER, NERVES, BLOOD VESSELS AND LYMPH VESSELS ENTER AND LEAVE THROUGH

URINARY SYSTEM

THE NEPHRON MORE THAN ONE MILLION PER KIDNEY CONSISTS OF GLOMERULUS, BOWMAN’S CAPSULE, PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE, DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE, COLLECTING DUCT TWO PARTS ARE THE MAIN FILTERING SECTION OF THE KIDNEY, THE GLOMERULUS AND THE BOWMAN’S CAPSULE BLOOD ENTERS INTO THE GLOMERULUS VIA RENAL ARTERY, BLOOD IS FILTERED TO REMOVE EVERYTHING EXCEPT BLOOD PROTEINS AND RED BLOOD CELLS. EVERYTHING ELSE PASSES TO THE BOWMAN’S CAPSULE; WATER, MINERAL SALTS, GLUCOSE, METABOLIC PRODUCTS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES

URINARY SYSTEM NEPHRON CONT… BOWMAN’S CAPSULE IS THE START OF THE CONVOLUTED TUBULE PICKS UP MINERALS AND PASSES THEM TO THE CONVOLUTED TUBULE MATERIALS NEEDED IN THE BODY ARE REABSORBED AND WHAT IS LEFT IS A PRODUCT KNOWN AS URINE. URINE ENTERS INTO COLLECTING DUCTS LOCATED IN THE MEDULLA DUCTS EMPTY INTO RENAL PELVIS A FUNNEL SHAPED STRUCTURE THAT IS THE FIRST SECTION OF THE URETER

URINARY SYSTEM

THE URETER MUSCULAR TUBES APPROXIMATELY INCHES IN LENGTH\ EXTENDS FROM THE RENAL PELVIS TO THE BLADDER PERISTALSIS MOVES THE URINE FROM THE URETER TO THE BLADDER

URINARY SYSTEM

BLADDER HOLLOW MUSCULAR SACK THAT LIES BEHIND THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS LINED WITH A MUCUS MEMBRANE ARRANGED IN FOLDS THAT ALLOW FOR EXPANSION KNOW AS RUGAE URGE TO VOID OCCURS AT APPROXIMATELY 1 CUP OF URINE THE BLADDER CAN CONTAIN MUCH MORE A CIRCULAR SPHINCTER MUSCLE CONTRACTS TO CONTROL THE OPENING OF THE BLADDER WHICH ALLOWS FOR VOLUNTARY CONTROL TO URINATION

URINARY SYSTEM BLADDER CONT… INFANTS DO NOT HAVE CONTROL OF THIS MUSCLE BUT AS WE AGE WE LEARN TO CONTROL IT WHEN THE BLADDER IS FULL RECEPTORS IN THE WALL SEND A REFLEX ACTION WHICH OPENS THE BLADDER TO ALLOW FOR VOIDING

URINARY SYSTEM

THE URETHRA TUBE THAT CARRIES URINE FROM THE BLADDER TO OUTSIDE EXTERNAL OPENING IS CALLED THE URINARY MEATUS DIFFERENT FOR FEMALES AND MALES: FEMALES 1.5 INCHES IN LENGTH AND OPENS IN FRONT OF THE VAGINA, ONLY CARRIES URINE, MALES 8 INCHES IN LENGTH CARRIES BOTH URINE AND SEMEN AND PASSES THROUGH THE PROSTATE GLAND.

URINARY SYSTEM

THE URINARY SYSTEM URINE LIQUID WASTE PRODUCT, 95% WATER WASTE CONTAINS; URIC ACID, UREA, MINERAL SALTS, VARIOUS PIGMENTS 1.5 TO TWO QUARTS ARE PRODUCED A DAY FROM ABOUT 150 QUARTS OF FILTERED FLUID.

URINARY SYSTEM DISEASE AND CONDITIONS CYSTITIS-INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER USUALLY CAUSED BY PATHOGEN INFECTION THAT ENTER THROUGH THE URINARY MEATUS SYMPTOMS INCLUDE: FREQUENT URINATION, DYSURIA, BURNING SENSATION DURING URINATION, HEMATURIA, LOWER BACK PAIN, BLADDER SPASM, FEVER TREATMENT: ANTIBIOTICS AND INCREASED FLUID INTAKE

URINARY SYSTEM DISEASES AND CONDITIONS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS-AKA NEPHRITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE GLOMERULUS OF THE KIDNEY, ACUTE CASES USUALLY FOLLOW STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS SUCH AS STREP THROAT, SCARLET FEVER, OR RHEUMATIC FEVER SYMPTOMS: CHILLS, FEVER, FATIGUE, EDEMA, HEMATURIA, AND PROTEIN IN THE URINE TREATMENT: REST, RESTRICTION OF SALT, MAINTENANCE OF FLUID, ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, ANTIPYRETICS FOR FEVER, DIURETICS FOR EDEMA, AND ANTIBOTICS

URINARY SYSTEM DISEASE AND CONDITIONS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (CHRONIC)-PROGRESSIVE DISEASE THAT CAUSES SCARRING AND SCLEROSING OF THE GLOMERULI SYMPTOMS: HEMATURIA, PROTEIN IN URINE, HYPERTENSION, FATIGUE, EDEMA, ANEMIA WEIGHT LOSS, CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, RENAL FAILURE AND DEATH TREATMENT: TREAT SYMPTOMS, CONTROL ELECTROLYTES, ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS, AND DIALYSIS KIDNEY TRANSPLANT MAY BE NEEDED IF BOTH KIDNEYS ARE TOO DAMAGED

URINARY SYSTEM DISEASES AND CONDITIONS PYELONEPHRITIS- INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEY TISSUE AND RENAL PELVIS, USUALLY CAUSED BY PUS FORMING BACTERIA SYMPTOMS: CHILLS, FEVER, BACK PAIN, FATIGUE, DYSURIA, HEMATURIA, AND PYURIA TREATMENT: ANTIBIOTICS, AND INCREASED FLUID INTAKE

URINARY SYSTEM DISEASES AND CONDITIONS RENAL CALCULUS-AKA KIDNEY STONE, SALTS IN THE URINE SETTLE OUT OF THE SOLUTION. SMALL STONES CAN BE ELIMINATED OUT THROUGH THE URINE, LARGER STONES MAY BECOME LODGED IN THE RENAL PELVIS OR URETER. SYMPTOMS: SUDDEN INTENSE PAIN, HEMATURIA, NAUSEA, VOMITING, A FREQUENT URGE TO VOID, URINARY RETENTION TREATMENT: INCREASE FLUID, PAIN MEDICATION, SHOCK WAVE THERAPY, LASER THERAPY AND SURGICAL REMOVAL

URINARY SYSTEM DISEASES AND CONDITIONS RENAL FAILURE-KIDNEYS STOP FUNCTIONING, ACUTE OR CHRONIC, CAUSED BY HEMORRHAGE, SHOCK, INJURY, POISONING, NEPHRITIS, OR DEHYDRATION OR PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF KIDNEY FUNCTION SYMPTOMS: HEADACHE, AMMONIA ODOR TO THE BREATH, EDEMA, ARRHYTHMIA, ANURIA, UREMIA, CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, HYPERTENSION, TOXINS, OR DIABETES TREATMENT: DIALYSIS, RESTRICTED FLUID INTAKE, AND CORRECTION OF CONDITIONS THAT CAUSED THE FAILURE

URINARY SYSTEM DISEASES AND CONDITIONS UREMIA-CONDITION THAT OCCURS WHEN THE KIDNEYS FAIL AND URINE BECOMES PRESENT IN THE BLOOD STREAM. SYMPTOMS: HEADACHE, DIZZINESS, NAUSEA, VOMITING, AMMONIA ODOR TO THE BREATH, OLIGURIA, MENTAL CONFUSION, CONVULSIONS, COMA, DEATH TREATMENT: RESTRICTED DIET, CARDIAC MEDICATIONS, DIALYSIS, KIDNEY TRANSPLANT

URINARY SYSTEM DISEASES AND CONDITIONS URETHRITIS-INFLAMMATION OF THE URETHRA, USUALLY CAUSED BY A BACTERIAL, VIRUS OR CHEMICAL (SUCH AS BUBBLE BATH SOLUTIONS). MORE COMMON IN MALES THEN FEMALES SYMPTOMS: FREQUENT/PAINFUL URINATION, REDNESS AND ITCHING AT THE URINARY MEATUS, PUS DISCHARGE TREATMENT: SITZ BATH, WARM MOIST COMPRESSIONS, ANTIBIOTICS, INCREASED FLUID INTAKE