Observing the Universe by Going Underground ZOOMING OUT by ZOOMING IN HAIM HARARI Years of Physics at the Weizmann Institute of Science May 12 th,

“ZOOMING IN” Matter Chemical Elements Atoms ~

Galaxies Stars Life NOW 13.7G yr ~100M yr 300K yr 3 min sec sec sec sec 1 sec 10 2 sec sec sec sec “ZOOMING OUT” Atoms

“ZOOMING IN” Into the ATOM Matter Chemical Elements Atoms Nucleus ~

Radioactive  -Decay e-e- A 1  A 2 + e -

“ZOOMING IN” Into the ATOM Matter Chemical Elements Atoms Nucleus e ~ Systematics: “Periodic Table” Mendeleyev Collisions and Interactions Chemistry “Smashing” Experiments Rutherford

Radioactive  -Decay e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- N 1  N 2 + e -

Radioactive  -Decay e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- N 1  N 2 + e - +

“ZOOMING IN” Into the NUCLEUS Matter Chemical Elements Atoms Nucleus p, n e ~100 ~

Radioactive  -Decay n p n p e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- n  p + e - +

Light Nuclei Heavy Nuclei Atoms Galaxies Stars Life NOW 13.7G yr ~100M yr 300K yr 3 min sec sec sec sec 1 sec 10 2 sec sec sec sec “ZOOMING OUT”

Antiparticles p n e p n e Equal Numbers of Particles and Antiparticles? Why p and e Have Equal and Opposite Charge? THE BIG BANG Only  -decay Can Convert n  p Nuclear Reactions: The Dream of the Alchemists Mass Converted to Energy Energy of the Sun Creation of Heavy Elements

“ZOOMING IN” Into the PROTON & NEUTRON Matter Chemical Elements Atoms Nucleus p, n  … Antiparticles e ~100 ~ 4  Hadrons ~100

e -- e-e- Electric Charge

Baryons Electric Charge “Strangeness” p n

Baryons Electric Charge “Strangeness” Mesons Electric Charge +1 0 “Strangeness” p n       

Baryons Electric Charge “Strangeness” Mesons Electric Charge +1 0 “Strangeness” p n u ds _+_ Quarks       

Mesons Electric Charge +1 0 “Strangeness” Electric Charge “Strangeness” uuu uud udd ddd uus uds dds uss dsssss p n u ds _+_ Quarks Baryons       

Mesons Electric Charge +1 0 “Strangeness” Electric Charge “Strangeness” uuu uud udd ddd uus uds dds uss dsssss p n u ds _+_ sd u _+_ QuarksAnti-Quarks Baryons       

Electric Charge “Strangeness” uuu uud udd ddd uus uds dds uss dsssss u ds _+_ p n Mesons Electric Charge +1 0 “Strangeness” us ds ud uu dd ss du sd su sd u _+_ QuarksAnti-Quarks       

“ZOOMING IN” Into the PROTON & NEUTRON Matter Chemical Elements Atoms Nucleus Hadrons Quarks p, n  … Antiparticles e ~100 ~ 4 ~100 ~ 7  

u s d e -- e-e- Electric Charge LeptonsQuarks

LeptonsQuarks u s d  e -- e-e- Electric Charge

Baryon-Mesons Collisions Time B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 B*

Baryon-Mesons Collisions B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 B* Time B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 M*

Baryon-Mesons Collisions B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 B* Time B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 M* B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 Duality Diagram

Baryon-Mesons Collisions B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 B* Time B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 M* B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 Duality Diagram B*

Baryon-Mesons Collisions B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 B* Time B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 M* B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 Duality Diagram M*

Baryon-Mesons Collisions B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 B* Time B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 M* B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 Duality Diagram B* M* Meson Is a “String” Can Split Into Two

Deep Inelastic Scattering e e P Hadrons All Hadrons Made of Quarks Free Quarks Do Not Exist Only at Very Short Distance They Can Be Detected Early Universe - Soup of Quarks and Antiquarks

Stanford Linear Accelerator

Radioactive  -Decay d  u + e - + n p n p e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- d

“ZOOMING IN” Into the PROTON & NEUTRON Matter Chemical Elements Atoms Nucleus Hadrons Quarks p, n  … Antiparticles e ~100 ~ 4 ~100 ~ 7   Systematics: “Periodic Table” Eightfold Way Collisions and Interactions Duality+Quark Counting “Smashing” Experiments Deep Inelstic

LeptonsQuarks u s d  e -- e-e- Electric Charge c

LeptonsQuarks u s d  e -- e-e- Electric Charge c t b  --

Matter Chemical Elements Atoms Nucleus Hadrons Quarks p, n  … c b t Antiparticles e ~100 ~ 4 ~100 ~ 7 ~ 20     “ZOOMING IN” Into the QUARK & LEPTON

LeptonsQuarks u s d  e -- e-e- Electric Charge c t b  --

Quark Mixing Heavy Quarks decay fast Heavy Quarks are Short-Lived Three Generations of Quarks & Leptons Do Heavy Quarks Matter? Violation of Symmetry between Particle and Antiparticle? 6 Quarks Masses 3 Mixing Parameters

CERN OPAL

Particle Masses Generated “Quark Soup” Protons & Neutrons Light Nuclei Heavy Nuclei Atoms Galaxies Stars Life NOW 13.7G yr ~100M yr 300K yr 3 min sec sec sec sec 1 sec 10 2 sec sec sec sec “ZOOMING OUT”

is Massless ? Is Different from ? Are e     Really Different ? Nuclear Reactions Neutrinos Solar Neutrinos Cosmic Ray Neutrinos Supernova Neutrinos - ASTRONOMY Neutrinos Have Masses They Are Extremely Light Masses of e     Are Different e     Mix Conclusions:

Kamiokande Japan

LeptonsQuarks Electric Charge u s d c t b  e -- e-e-  --

LeptonsQuarks Electric Charge u s d c t b  e -- e-e-  -- 4M 150M7M 1.3G170G 5G 8m<8m 100M500K 30m 1.8G

LeptonsQuarks Electric Charge u s d c t b  e -- e-e-  --

LeptonsQuarks Electric Charge u s d c t b  e -- e-e-  -- Leptons & Quarks

Electric Charge u s d c t b  e ++ e+e+  ++ Antiparticles  e -- e-e-  -- u s d c t b

Leptons & Quarks Electric Charge u s d c t b  e ++ e+e+  ++ Antiparticles Electric Charge  e -- e-e-  -- u s d c t b

OPEN QUESTIONS Why Are We Here (“Baryogenesis”)? What Is the Dark Matter? What Is the Dark Energy? Connection to Gravity? Why Three Generation? Do the 2nd and 3rd Generation Make a Difference? Quarks – Lepton relation? ?,,, Why only 20 Building Blocks? 20 Arbitrary Parameters? Origin of Masses?

A New Ingenious Theoretical Framework STRING THEORY Grand Unified Theories (GUT) Supersymmetry (SUSY) Sub-particles (“Rishons”?) Options

BIG BANG Gravity Connection Inflation Particle Masses Generated “Quark Soup” Protons & Neutrons Light Nuclei Heavy Nuclei Atoms Galaxies Stars Life NOW 13.7G yr ~100M yr 300K yr 3 min sec sec sec sec 1 sec 10 2 sec sec sec sec Grand Unification ? Baryogenesis ? Subparticles ? Strings ? “ZOOMING OUT”

50 HAPPY BIRTHDAY WEIZMANN-PHYSICS