Unit 6 Absolutism Enlightenment Scientific Revolution

Absolute Monarchs Ruled by “divine right” – power from God Pros - Increased country’s power; economic growth, Cons – Costly wars; disregard for the people, taxes, social inequality

Monarchs England – Tudors; Henry VIII; Elizabeth I France – Bourbon; Louis XIV – “The Sun King”; L’etat c’est moi (I am the state); palace at Versailles Spain – Phillip II – most Catholic king; lost Spanish Armada to England in 1588 Russia – Romanovs; Peter the Great – westernized Russia; “windows” (ports); men shaved beards Prussia – Hohenzollerns; Frederick the Great; expanded military Austria – Hapsburgs – Maria Theresa, Joseph II; expanded Austria, fought Protestants

English Revolution (Civil War) Stuart family follow popular Tudors James I and Charles I Divine right, ruled without Parliament Parliament issues Petition of Right No taxes w/out Parliament Can’t imprison without charge – habeas corpus No quartering of troops Oliver Cromwell (Puritan) leads Parliament (Roundheads) to victory over Stuarts (Cavaliers); Charles beheaded Rules as a dictator

England cont. Cromwell dies; Stuarts return (Restoration) Charles II and James II Reforms – pledges to observe Magna Carta; Petition of Right; Habeas Corpus Act James II antagonizes Parliament Glorious Revolution - William and Mary become king and queen; bloodless revolution; Bill of Rights

Scientific & Intellectual Rev. Renaissance spirit of questioning leads to scientific achievements Copernicus – earth revolves around sun (heliocentric); disproved Ptolemy's geocentric theory Kepler – laws of planetary motion; elliptical orbit Galileo – telescope; confirmed Copernicus Newton – laws of motion and gravity

Cont. Boyle – chemistry; gases Leeuwenhoek – microscope; discovered previously invisible world of bacteria, cells Vesalius – dissections; science of anatomy Harvey – blood circulation

Enlightenment (Intellectual Revolution) Based in the scientific rev. and Renaissance Focus on reason Could apply scientific method to real life The Philosophes: John Locke – (Two Treatises of Government) Natural rights – life, liberty, property Government should protect these rights If they fail, people can replace government

Enlightenment cont. Montesquieu – (The Spirit of the Laws) Separation of powers – legislative, executive, judicial Checks and balances Foundation of U.S. system (Constitution) Rousseau – (The Social Contract); Society agreed to be governed; individuals must abide by majority

Enlightenment cont. Adam Smith – (The Wealth of Nations); Natural law should apply to the economy People should pursue economic interests Government should protect people but keep its hands off economy Laissez faire Foundation of capitalism

Enlightenment Mary Wollstonecraft – feminist; criticized men in government; women should be educated If using “reason” then women should have equal rights to men Salons – elegant rooms where philosophes met, discussed, etc.

American Revolution Democratic reforms long part of English history (thus the colonists) Mercantilism – trade with GB for 150 years Salutary Neglect – ignored colonists Many disconnected from England 1607 – Jamestown; Georgia French & Indian War – GB gains new territory; begins to tax and control colonies No taxation without representation

American Revolution cont. Boston Tea Party, Boston Massacre Enlightenment Ideas Declaration of Independence (1776) – Thomas Jefferson George Washington in command of Continental Army Victory in 1781 – new country & new govt.

American Revolution cont. Constitution creates framework for govt. Based on Separation of Powers – 3 branches Checks and Balances – Limits on each other Federalism – Federal and State govt. Bill of Rights – Added to protect rights

American Revolution cont. Speech, religion, press, assembly, petition, bear arms, warrant, speedy trial, confront witnesses, no self incrimination, attorney (counsel), jury, no double jeopardy, no cruel or unusual punishment