Midterm Review of Units 1 through 4

 Primary function of blood is?  What are the characteristics of blood plasma?

 Formed elements of blood include: RBC (erythrocytes)– transport oxygen to all body cells and also transport carbon dioxide away from all body cells. WBC (lymphocytes) – defend the body from pathogens that have invaded the tissues or bloodstream.  Types of WBC and their function? Platelets (thrombocytes) – blood cells that initiate blood clot formation

 What is anemia? Define the types of anemia  Iron deficiency  Pernicious  Sickle cell  Hemorrhagic  Aplastic

 Blood clotting Chain reaction  Blood types ABO Rh factor

 Mrs. Wilson is brought into the ER after a car accident. A major artery in her leg has been damaged and she had lost an undetermined amount of blood before EMTs arrived and were able to stop the bleeding. What dangers is Mrs. Wilson facing? How might she be treated?

Questions?

 Basic structure and anatomy of the heart In thoracic cavity Apex Septum – right and left sides Atria – smaller upper chambers – receive Ventricles – larger lower chambers – pump 4 valves  AV valves (separate atria from ventricles)  Semilunar valves (between ventricles)

 Blood flow through the heart Remember 1 way street!!! Heart receives blood from vena cava Right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood Pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle Pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery and eventually to the lungs for gas exchange Left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood; passes through bicuspid valve into the left ventricle where it is pumped through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta for distribution to the body

 Cardiac Cycle What happens during? Cardiac output – dependent upon stroke volume and the heartbeat  Blood pressure Highest in arteries; Lowest in veins – Why?

 Mrs. Haas comes to your office for her annual checkup, and you note that her blood pressure is very low. She tells you that her blood pressure has always been a bit low, and that she has been told that low pressure is actually a good thing. What should you tell her?

Questions?

 Function of: Lymphatic system? Immune system?  Primary structures

 Types of immunity Nonspecific  General protection by skin, mucous membranes, and tears  Phagocytosis (“Pac Man”)  “Innate immunity” Specific  Aimed at specific types of pathogens  Artificial or natural  Active or passive

 Antibodies Help produce humoral immunity Promote and enhance phagocytosis  Antigens Foreign invaders

 B cells Development occurs in the bone marrow Produces humoral immunity by secreting antibodies into the blood  T cells Developed from bone marrow and is completed in the thymus. Designed for one specific kind of antigen  When/if it comes into contact with that antigen, T cells become sensitized Produces cell-mediated immunity

 Outline the inflammatory response.  Why is this necessary and explain its advantage in an infection?

Questions?

 Functions? Air distributor Gas exchange Filters/warms/humidifies the air we breathe  Structures URT – nose, pharynx, larynx LRT – trachea, bronchi (bronchioles and alveoli), lungs

 Internal vs. external respiration Internal is the exchange of gases  O2 moves out of the blood thru capillary walls and into the interstitial fluid and into each cell  CO2 moves out of the cell and into the blood before being transported to the lungs for removal External is the series of steps that occurs which changes air pressure in the chest cavity  Allows for inspiration and expiration of air into and out of the lungs

 Pulmonary ventilation 500 mL – each normal breath; also known as tidal volume (TV) Vital capacity (VC) – largest amount to breathe in and out (normal 4800 mL) VC = TV + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume Residual volume – what’s left over

 What happens when a person takes in a breath of air? Start with the moment before inspiration actually occurs and describe the path air takes and the structures through which it flows.

Questions?