Community Ecology Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission.

Geography Resources Phylogeny Community Community – collection of species that occur at the same place & time, circumscribed by natural (e.g., serpentine soil), arbitrary, or artificial (e.g., 1-m2 quadrat) boundaries Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Fauth, John E., J. Bernardo, M. Camara, W. J. Resetarits, Jr., J. Van Buskirk & S. A. McCollum. 1996. Simplifying the jargon of community ecology: A conceptual approach. The American Naturalist 147:282-286. Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat.

Geography Resources Phylogeny Community Community – “Any set of organisms currently living near each other and about which it is interesting to talk” (MacArthur 1971) Many prefer a more restrictive definition in which species must interact to be included, e.g., Whittaker (1975) Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. I may be particularly biased in favor of MacArthur’s definition (found in MacArthur [1971] in Farner & King, eds., Avian Biology; see J. A. Wiens [1989] The Ecology of Bird Communities, pg. 3), since it most flexibly fits the types of “communities” on which my research focuses. Fauth, John E., J. Bernardo, M. Camara, W. J. Resetarits, Jr., J. Van Buskirk & S. A. McCollum. 1996. Simplifying the jargon of community ecology: A conceptual approach. The American Naturalist 147:282-286. Whittaker, Robert H. 1975. Communities and Ecosystems, 2nd ed. MacMillan, New York, NY. Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat.

Geography Resources Phylogeny Community Taxon – phylogenetically related group of species; a clade E.g., Mammalian Order Rodentia Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Fauth, John E., J. Bernardo, M. Camara, W. J. Resetarits, Jr., J. Van Buskirk & S. A. McCollum. 1996. Simplifying the jargon of community ecology: A conceptual approach. The American Naturalist 147:282-286. Taxon Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat.

Geography Resources Phylogeny Community Guild Guild – a group of species “without regard for taxonomic position” that “exploit the same class of environmental resources in a similar way” (Root 1967) E.g., granivores Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Fauth, John E., J. Bernardo, M. Camara, W. J. Resetarits, Jr., J. Van Buskirk & S. A. McCollum. 1996. Simplifying the jargon of community ecology: A conceptual approach. The American Naturalist 147:282-286. Root, R. B. 1967. The niche exploitation pattern of the blue-gray gnatcatcher. Ecological Monographs 37:317-350. Taxon Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat.

Geography Resources (or Function) Phylogeny Community Functional Group Functional Group – a group of species that share similar functional attributes (this was not part of the original scheme) E.g., nitrogen-fixers Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Fauth, John E., J. Bernardo, M. Camara, W. J. Resetarits, Jr., J. Van Buskirk & S. A. McCollum. 1996. Simplifying the jargon of community ecology: A conceptual approach. The American Naturalist 147:282-286. Taxon Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat.

Geography Resources Phylogeny Local guild Community Guild Local guild – a group of species that share a common resource and occur in the same community (Root 1967) E.g., Sonoran Desert granivores Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Fauth, John E., J. Bernardo, M. Camara, W. J. Resetarits, Jr., J. Van Buskirk & S. A. McCollum. 1996. Simplifying the jargon of community ecology: A conceptual approach. The American Naturalist 147:282-286. Root, R. B. 1967. The niche exploitation pattern of the blue-gray gnatcatcher. Ecological Monographs 37:317-350. Taxon Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat.

Geography Resources Phylogeny Local guild Community Guild Assemblage Assemblage – a group of phylogenetically related species within a community Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Fauth, John E., J. Bernardo, M. Camara, W. J. Resetarits, Jr., J. Van Buskirk & S. A. McCollum. 1996. Simplifying the jargon of community ecology: A conceptual approach. The American Naturalist 147:282-286. Taxon Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat.

Geography Resources Phylogeny Local guild Community Guild Assemblage Assemblage – a group of phylogenetically related species within a community E.g., Sonoran Desert rodents Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Fauth, John E., J. Bernardo, M. Camara, W. J. Resetarits, Jr., J. Van Buskirk & S. A. McCollum. 1996. Simplifying the jargon of community ecology: A conceptual approach. The American Naturalist 147:282-286. Taxon Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat.

Geography Resources Phylogeny Local guild Community Guild Ensemble Assemblage Ensemble – a phylogenetically bounded group of species that use a similar set of resources within a community E.g., Sonoran Desert granivorous rodents Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Fauth, John E., J. Bernardo, M. Camara, W. J. Resetarits, Jr., J. Van Buskirk & S. A. McCollum. 1996. Simplifying the jargon of community ecology: A conceptual approach. The American Naturalist 147:282-286. Taxon Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat.

pond-breeding salamanders… Geography Resources Local guild Community Guild Phylogeny Ensemble Assemblage E.g., granivorous rodents, pond-breeding salamanders… Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Fauth, John E., J. Bernardo, M. Camara, W. J. Resetarits, Jr., J. Van Buskirk & S. A. McCollum. 1996. Simplifying the jargon of community ecology: A conceptual approach. The American Naturalist 147:282-286. Taxon Redrawn from Fauth et al. (1996) Am. Nat.

Community Assembly “Community membership depends on arriving at a site, coping with the site’s physical environment, and interacting with other species living there” Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Morin, Peter J. 1999. Community Ecology. Blackwell Science, Inc., Oxford, U.K. Quote from Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), pg. 357; figure redrawn from Morin (1999, pg. 27)

Parallels Between Community Ecology & Pop. Genetics “Species are added to communities via speciation and dispersal, and the relative abundances of these species are then shaped by drift and selection, as well as ongoing dispersal, to drive community dynamics” Global community Drift Selection Speciation Dispersal Dispersal Regional community Drift Selection Speciation Dispersal Dispersal Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. From Vellend & Orrock (2010): “Both population genetics and community ecology are essentially concerned with variation over space and time in the relative abundance and diversity of discrete biological variants: alleles or species, respectively. Four logically distinct processes can change the abundances and diversity of biological variants (Vellend & Geber 2005).” Pop. Genetics: Mutation, Drift, Selection, Gene Flow Community Ecology: Speciation, Drift, Selection, Dispersal Vellend, Mark. 2010. Conceptual synthesis in community ecology. The Quarterly Review of Biology 85:183-206. Vellend, Mark & John L. Orrock. 2010. Ecological and genetic models of diversity: Lessons across disciplines. Pp. 439-461 in J. B. Losos & R. E. Ricklefs, eds. The Theory of Island Biogeography at 40: Impacts and Prospects. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Local community A Local community B Drift Drift Selection Selection Speciation Speciation Redrawn from Vellend & Orrock (2010)

Food Webs & Interaction Webs Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 16.5

Food Webs & Interaction Webs Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 16.5

Multi-Species Interactions Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. One could think of the indirect positive link from otter to alga – from the alga’s perspective as: “the enemy (otter) of my enemy (urchin) is my friend.” Note that your textbook does not include the direct positive link from alga to urchin, the direct positive link from urchin to otter, and the indirect positive link from alga to otter. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 16.13

Multi-Species Interactions Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 16.15

Species Richness & Diversity Species Composition (the species present) A has the same species as B Species Richness A = B Species Evenness A < B Species Diversity Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 16.6

Incorporates both Species Richness & Evenness Species Diversity Incorporates both Species Richness & Evenness Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Table 16.1

Species Diversity – Rank Abundance Curve Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 16.8

Species Diversity – Species Accumulation Curve Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Note that the y-axis would be better labeled: “Cumulative species richness”. For future – Kyle should plot up species accumulation curves for Communities A & B from Fig. 16.6. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 16.10

Relative Influence of Species Dominant / Foundation Species Single species that defines much of the structure of a community (Dayton 1972) Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Photo from Wikimedia Commons

Relative Influence of Species Ecosystem Engineers Organism that changes the environment by transforming living or nonliving materials from one physical state to another, via mechanical or other means (Jones et al. 1994) Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Photo of beaver dam on Tierra del Fuego from Wikimedia Commons

Relative Influence of Species Keystone Species E.g., Keystone predator – a predator (e.g., Pisaster seastar) whose activities maintain species diversity at lower trophic levels by disallowing competitive exclusion (Paine 1966) Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Photo from Wikimedia Commons

Relative Influence of Species Redundant Species Like the multiple rivets in an airplane Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Wikipedia “Red-winged blackbird” page; accessed 28-X-2014 By Walter Siegmund (Own work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Wikipedia “Yellow-headed blackbird” page; accessed 28-X-2014 By Alan Vernon (Flickr: Male Yellow-headed Blackbird) [CC-BY-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Photos of red-winged blackbird and yellow-headed blackbird from Wikimedia Commons

What if all individuals have the same per capita influence? Neutral Theory Steve Hubbell What if all individuals have the same per capita influence? Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Ecological Drift Photo of S. P. Hubbell from UCLA