An Overview of the Skeleton Figure 6-8(a)

An Overview of the Skeleton Consists of bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments Composed of 206 named bones grouped into two divisions Axial skeleton (80 bones) Appendicular skeleton (126 bones) Referenced 6-9.1

Bone Markings: Surface Features of Bones Projections that provide attachment for muscles and ligaments Projections that help form joints Depressions and openings for passage of nerves and blood vessels Table 6-1 (1 of 2)

Bone Markings (Selected) Tuberosity Tubercle Condyle Trochlea Facet Fossa Foramen Sinus

Bone Markings And Landmarks

Bone Markings And Landmarks

Axial Skeleton: Skull, Vertebral Column, Bony Thorax

Anterior Aspect of Skull Frontal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch) Nasal bone Supraorbital margin Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Ethmoid bone Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen

Paranasal Sinuses Frontal sinus Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoid Ethmoid sinus Maxillary sinus Maxillary sinus (a) (b)

Lateral Aspect Of The Skull. Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa Nasal bone Occipital bone Zygomatic process Zygomatic bone External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process

Temporal Bone External acoustic meatus Zygomatic process Mastoid region External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Mandibular fossa Zygomatic process

Lateral Aspect Of The Skull Mandibular condyle Mandible Mandibular notch Mental foramen Mandibular ramus Mandibular angle Coronoid process

Mandible Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Coronoid process Mandibular notch Mandibular condyle (condylar process) Mandibular foramen Ramus of mandible Alveolar margin Mental foramen Body of mandible (a) Mandible

Inferior Aspect Of The Skull Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Vomer Mandibular fossa Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Styloid process Mastoid process Jugular foramen Temporal bone (petrous portion) Occipital condyle Occipital bone Foramen magnum (a)

Inferior Aspect Of The Skull Hard palate Zygomatic arch Mandibular fossa Carotid canal Styloid process Mastoid process Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Foramen magnum (b)

Superior Aspect Of The Skull Olfactory foramina Sphenoid Temporal bone (petrous part) Internal acoustic meatus Lesser wing Greater wing Cribriform plate Ethmoid bone Crista galli Optic canal Jugular foramen Foramen lacerum Sella turcica (d) Pterygoid process

Lateral Aspect Of The Skull Frontal sinus Crista galli Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) Vomer bone Maxilla Alveolar margins Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica of sphenoid bone Pterygoid process of sphenoid bone Palatine bone (b) Palatine process of maxilla

Lateral aspect of the skull Greater wing of sphenoid bone Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Frontal sinus Crista galli Petrous part of temporal bone Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) Palatine bone Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica and sphenoid sinus (c)

Bones Of The Nasal Cavity Ethmoid bone Frontal sinus Sella turcica Nasal bone Sphenoid sinus Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Septal cartilage Vomer Palatine bone Alveolar margin of maxilla Palatine process of maxilla (b)

Bones Of The Nasal Cavity Frontal sinus Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Superior nasal concha Ethmoid bone Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Anterior nasal spine Maxillary bone (palatine process) Sphenoid sinus Sphenoid bone Pterygoid process Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) (a)

Ethmoid Middle nasal concha Ethmoid Perpendicular plate bone Inferior nasal concha Vomer bone Ethmoid bone

Sutures of the Skull Sagittal suture Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Parietal bone Sagittal suture Coronal suture Lambdoid suture Squamous suture

 The Hyoid Bone Greater horn Lesser horn Body

Vertebral Column

Structure Of A Typical Vertebra Posterior Anterior Lamina Superior articular process Facet Transverse Pedicle Spinous Vertebral arch foramen Body (centrum)

Lateral View Of Part Of The Spinal Column Intervertebral disc Transverse process Sectioned spinous process Intervertebral foramen Inferior articular process Sectioned body of vertebra (a)

First And Second Cervical Vertebrae Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Posterior (a) Superior view of atlas (C1) C1 C2 Lateral masses Facet for dens Transverse process Lateral masses foramen Posterior Inferior articular facet Dens (b) (c) Inferior view of atlas (C1) Superior view of axis (C2) Body Pedicle Lamina Spinous Superior articular facet

Cervical Vertebrae Seven cervical vertebrae (C1 – C7) – smallest and lightest vertebrae C3 – C7 are typical cervical vertebrae Body is wider laterally Spinous processes are short and bifid (except C7) Vertebral foramen are large and triangular Transverse processes contain transverse foramina

Cervical Vertebrae

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 – T12) Spinous processes are long and point inferiorly Have heart-shaped bodies from the superior view Vertebral foramen are circular All articulate with ribs Transverse processes articulate with tubercles of ribs Superior articular facets point posteriorly

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1 – L5) Bodies are thick and robust Transverse processes are thin and tapered Spinous processes are thick, blunt, and point posteriorly Vertebral foramina are triangular Superior and inferior articular facets directly medially

Lumbar Vertebrae Figure 7.17c

Sacrum And Coccyx Body of first sacral vertebra Anterior sacral foramina Apex Coccyx (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

Sacrum and Coccyx

Thoracic Cage: Anterior View. True ribs (1–7) (a) False (8–12) Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Xiphoid process L1 Vertebra Floating ribs (11, 12) Sternum Costal cartilage

Rib Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Superior costal facet (for head of rib) Head of rib Intervertebral disc Tubercle of rib Neck of rib Shaft Sternum Cross- section of rib (a) Costal groove Costal cartilage

Rib Articular facet on tubercle of rib Spinous process Shaft Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Ligaments Neck of rib Body of thoracic vertebra Head of rib Superior costal facet (for head of rib) (b)

Rib (c) Junction with costal cartilage Shaft Head Neck Articular facet on tubercle Costal angle Costal groove Facets for articulation with vertebrae Artery Articular facet on tubercle Neck Head Vein Grooves for subclavian vessels:

Fontanels

Fontanels

Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

Lower Limb and Pelvis

Clavicle Sternal (medial) end Posterior Anterior Acromial (lateral) (b) Right clavicle, superior view Acromial end Anterior Sternal end Posterior Conoid tubercle (c) Right clavicle, inferior view

Clavicle Posterior Sternal end (medial) Acromial end (lateral) Anterior (d) Anterior Facet for acromion (lateral) Sternal end (medial) Conoid tubercle Posterior (e)

Right Scapula, Anterior Aspect Acromion Suprascapular notch Superior border Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Subscapular fossa Lateral border Medial border (a) Right scapula, anterior aspect

Right Scapula, Posterior Aspect Coracoid process Acromion Suprascapular notch Supraspinous fossa Spine Infraspinous fossa Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Medial border Lateral border (b) Right scapula, posterior aspect

Right Scapula, Lateral Aspect Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Acromion Infraspinous fossa Spine (c) Right scapula, lateral aspect Subscapular Supraspinous Posterior Anterior

Humerus Of The Right Arm: Anterior View Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Lateral epicondyle Radial fossa Capitulum Head of humerus Anatomical neck Deltoid tuberosity Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea (a) Anterior view

Humerus Of The Right Arm: Posterior View Head of humerus Anatomical neck Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea Surgical Deltoid tuberosity Greater tubercle Lateral (b) Posterior view

Radius & Ulna Of Right Forearm: Anterior View Radial notch of the ulna Trochlear notch Coronoid process Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna Styloid process of ulna Ulna Head Radial tuberosity Radius of radius (a) Anterior view

Radius & Ulna Of Right Forearm: Posterior View Olecranon process Head of radius Neck of radius Ulna Radius Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna Styloid process of ulna Styloid process of radius (b) Posterior view

Elbow Region: Anterior View Coronoid fossa Radius Radial tuberosity Head of radius Capitulum Trochlea (a) Anterior view Humerus Medial epicondyle process of ulna Ulna Radial notch

Proximal Part Of Ulna: Lateral View Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid (b) Radial

Elbow In Extension: Posterior View Olecranon fossa Ulna process Medial epicondyle Humerus Lateral Head Radius Neck (c) Posterior view

Distal Ends Of Radius And Ulna Ulnar notch of radius Head of ulna Styloid process Styloid process View (d)

Bones Of The Hand: Posterior View Trapezoid Trapezium Scaphoid Triquetrum Lunate Capitate Hamate Phalanges Metacarpals: Carpals: (b) Posterior view Radius Ulna Base Shaft Proximal Middle Distal Head 5 4 3 2 1

Coxal Bones And Sacrum Iliac crest Iliac fossa Anterior superior iliac spine llium Coxal bone (os coxae or hip bone) Anterior inferior iliac spine Sacrum Pubic bone Coccyx Acetabulum Ischium Pubic crest Pubic symphysis (a) Pubic arch

Lateral View Of Right Hip Bone Anterior gluteal line Ilium Ala Posterior gluteal line Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior superior iIiac spine Inferior gluteal line Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Pubic body Lesser sciatic notch Pubis Ischium Ischial tuberosity Inferior ramus of pubis Ischial ramus (b) Lateral view, right hip bone

Medial View Of Right Hip Bone Ilium Iliac fossa Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Body of the ilium Auricular surface Superior ramus of pubis Ischial spine Obturator foramen Ischium Ischial ramus Inferior ramus of pubis (c) Medial view, right hip bone

Female and Male Pelves Table 8.2 (1 of 2)

Female and Male Pelves Table 8.2 (2 of 2)

Femur and Patella Neck Greater trochanter Head Lesser trochanter Apex Anterior (a) Patella Posterior Facet for medial condyle of femur lateral Surface for patellar ligament Linea aspera Intercondylar fossa Lateral condyle Medial condyle Lateral epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Anterior view Posterior view (b) Femur

The Tibia And Fibula Of Right Leg Medial condyle Lateral Lateral condyle condyle Head Tibial tuberosity Proximal tibiofibular joint Head of fibula Fibula Tibia Fibula Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

The Tibia And Fibula Of Right Leg Lateral condyle Lateral condyle Tibial tuberosity Fibula articulates here (c) Anterior view (d) Posterior view

Bones Of Right Foot: Superior View Distal Phalanges Middle Proximal Metatarsals Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Tarsals Talus Calcaneus (a) Superior view

Bones Of Right Foot: Lateral View Facet for lateral malleolus Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Talus Cuboid Calcaneus Fifth metatarsal (c) Lateral view