FREEDOM AND PARTITION

EFFECTS OF BRITISH RULE Improved transportation and communication which helped increase trade Limited British imports of Indian made goods Indian industries declined, locally made goods disappeared, Indians had to buy expensive British products. Had to raise cash crops (tea, cotton, etc.) to pay for goods which led to a food shortage

EFFECTS OF BRITISH RULE Improved health care and sanitary conditions led to population growth Set up schools and colleges to educate higher-caste Indians Learned English Education increased resentment against the British and increased nationalism

INDIAN NATIONALISM Strongest among the British-educated elite Some wanted to modernize India and reform system of British rule Others wanted to return to Hindu traditions and blend Hindu and western cultures Indian National Congress (INC) formed in 1885 worked for change The Muslim League formed in 1906

GROWING UNREST After WWI, Indian nationalists increased their demands for freedom British responded with harsh laws limiting freedom of press and banning all public gatherings 1919: more than 10,000 Indians gathered in Amritsar Amritsar Massacre: 379 Indians dead and more than 1,100 wounded from open fire by British forces

MOHANDAS GANDHI Came from a middle class Hindu family Became a lawyer in Britain. Practiced law in South Africa where he developed ideas about nonviolent resistance Practiced civil disobedience: The refusal to obey unjust laws Gave up western ways and encouraged traditional Indian industries like spinning cotton Fasted Preached better treatment of all people regardless of caste

MOHANDAS GANDHI Civil disobedience: supported strikes and protests, stop buying British-made goods The Salt March (1930): Protested the tax on salt Led followers on a 200 mile march and made salt from sea water British arrested Gandhi and about 50,000 other Indians

MOVING TOWARD INDEPENDENCE When WWII began, the INC refused to fight in support of Britain unless they were promised immediate independence The British refused “Quit India” movement and followed a policy of non- cooperation Britain arrested more than 20,000 Congress members but was weakened by WWII

HINDU-MUSLIM CONFLICT British encouraged conflict between the INC and the Muslim League Muslims wanted a separate Muslim nation to protect their rights.

THE SUBCONTINENT DIVIDED 1946: widespread rioting between Hindus and Muslims 1947: British parliament passed the Indian Independence Act Ended British rule and provided for partition (division) of India into two nations Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan Fighting between the two nations continued.