UNIT- 1 BUILDING MATERIAL AND THEIR PROPERTIES: Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Introduction: Civil Engineering Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings. Civil engineering is the second-oldest engineering discipline. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including architectural engineering, environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, water resource engineering etc. Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies. Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Building Material: Bricks Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Building Material: Bricks Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Bricks will categorized with different used: load bearing wall Non-Load bearing wall Insulation wall Covering wall. Selection of bricks is based on their usage. Brick shape : 4 side geometric with length 2 times of width. The thickness is 2/3 of width. Standard size of bricks is 215 x 102.5 x 65 mm. It’s can made from clay, sand & lime, cement mortar. Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Advantages of bricks: Brick will not burn, buckle or melt. Brick will not rot and allow Termites to invade. Brick will not rust and corrode. Brick will not dent. Brick will not fade from the Sun's UV Rays. Brick will not be damaged by high winds, rain or hail. Brick will not require constant maintenance. Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Advantages of bricks: Brick will not devalue. Brick will not limit your personal expression. Brick will not limit your design options.  Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Manufacture - 4 stages Preparation: Material preparation Manufacturing Drying Firing Preparation: Material (clay) washed and grinding (fineness) Sample of grinding machine for clay Sample of crushing machine Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Manufacturing: Clay will grinded with 15% of water. The clay will be pushed through the mould base on the shape. After that, Clay will cut to get a standard size of brick using wire. Sometimes, bricks will be produced using big mould that clay will be pressed using hydraulic machine. (This method, clay will be mixed with 10% of water) or without hydraulic press (with 30% of water). Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Brick was compile before bring to the kiln Bricks: After bricks in form, identification or perforation to the bricks. Drying: Wet unit bricks will be drying in space or room with control temperature to make sure the bricks in complete dry. Brick was compile before bring to the kiln Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Firing: Dry bricks, was compile in kiln to firing process with 600oC (temperature). This is for burn the carbon and sulfur that have remain. After that, temperature will increase to 900oC to get a verification process. Normally, verification process occurred around 800oC. Bricks become hard/strong after verification process. Beehive Kiln Tunnel Kiln Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks manufacturing process flow Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Material Preparation. Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Manufacturing Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Manufacturing Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Setting Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Firing Process Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Packing Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Type of Bricks Clay Bricks – Classified in 3 groups : normal brick, face brick, and engineering brick. Normal brick – These are ordinary bricks which are not designed to provide good finished appearance or high strength. They are therefore in general and cheapest bricks available. Face brick - These are designed to give attractive appearance, hence they are free from imperfection such as cracks. It’s produces in variety of color. It’s no need plaster when used as wall. Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Engineering Brick – These are design base on engineering characteristic. It’s designed primarily for strength and durability. They are high density and well fired. Normally, it’s will be used as retaining wall, load bearing wall and sewerage. 2 types of face brick Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Types of face brick Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Sand-lime brick: These are made by using mix of lime and sand that ratio is 1:8. Brick will curing in autoclave in 8 hours. That curing will produced high compressive strength and more hard brick. These used for wall that will exposed in water with higher compressive strength. Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Mortar brick: Made with mix of cement, sand and water. These will using steel or wood mould to form it. Normally, the design are not produce a good appearance and come out with rough surface. Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Properties Colour: Colour should be uniform and bright. (ii) Shape: Bricks should have plane faces. They should have sharp and true right angled corners. (iii) Size: Bricks should be of standard sizes as prescribed by codes. (iv) Texture: They should possess fine, dense and uniform texture. They should not possess fissures, cavities, loose grit and unburnt lime. (v) Soundness: When struck with hammer or with another brick, it should produce metallic sound. Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Properties (vi) Hardness: Finger scratching should not produce any impression on the brick. (vii) Strength: Crushing strength of brick should not be less than 3.5 N/mm2. A field test for strength is that when dropped from a height of 0.9 m to 1.0 mm on a hard ground, the brick should not break into pieces. (viii) Water Absorption: After immercing the brick in water for 24 hours, water absorption should not be more than 20 per cent by weight. For class-I works this limit is 15 per cent. (ix) Efflorescence: Bricks should not show white patches when soaked in water for 24 hours and then allowed to dry in shade. White patches are due to the presence of sulphate of calcium, magnesium and potassium. They keep the masonry permanently in damp and wet conditions. Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Properties (x) Thermal Conductivity: Bricks should have low thermal conductivity, so that buildings built with them are cool in summer and warm in winter. (xi) Sound Insulation: Heavier bricks are poor insulators of sound while light weight and hollow bricks provide good sound insulation. (xii) Fire Resistance: Fire resistance of bricks is usually good. In fact bricks are used to encase steel columns to protect them from fire. Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Brick Tests: To know the quality of bricks following 7 tests can be performed. In these tests some are performed in laboratory and the rest are on field. Compressive strength test. Water Absorption test. Efflorescence test. Hardness test. Size, Shape and Color test. Soundness test. Structure test. Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Compressive strength test: This test is done to know the compressive strength of brick. It is also called crushing strength of brick. Generally 5 specimens of bricks are taken to laboratory for testing and tested one by one. In this test a brick specimen is put on crushing machine and applied pressure till it breaks. The ultimate pressure at which brick is crushed is taken into account. All five brick specimens are tested one by one and average result is taken as brick's compressive/crushing strength. Structure test: In this test a brick is broken or a broken brick is collected and closely observed. If there are any flows, cracks or holes present on that broken face then that isn't good quality brick. Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Water Absorption test: In this test bricks are weighed in dry condition and let them immersed in fresh water for 24 hours. After 24 hours of immersion those are taken out from water and wipe out with cloth. Then brick is weighed in wet condition. The difference between weights is the water absorbed by brick. The percentage of water absorption is then calculated. The less water absorbed by brick the greater its quality. Good quality brick doesn't absorb more than 20% water of its own weight. Hardness test: In this test a scratch is made on brick surface with a hard thing. If that doesn't left any impression on brick then that is good quality brick. Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Efflorescense test: The presence of alkalies in bricks is harmful and they form a gray or white layer on brick surface by absorbing moisture. To find out the presence of alkalis in bricks this test is performed. In this test a brick is immersed in fresh water for 24 hours and then it's taken out from water and allowed to dry in shade. If the whitish layer is not visible on surface it proofs that absence of alkalis in brick. If the whitish layer visible about 10% of brick surface then the presence of alkalis is in acceptable range. If that is about 50% of surface then it is moderate. If the alkalis's presence is over 50% then the brick is severely affected by alkalies Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Size, shape and color test: In this test randomly collected 20 bricks are staked along lengthwise, widthwise and heightwise and then those are measured to know the variation of sizes as per standard. Bricks are closely viewed to check if its edges are sharp and straight and uniform in shape. A good quality brick should have bright and uniform color throughout. Soundness test: In this test two bricks are held by both hands and struck with one another. If the bricks give clear metallic ringing sound and don't break then those are good quality bricks. Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Brick laying: Material that was used in mortar (mix of cement or lime with sand or both. Ratio; binder : sand = 1:3. Thickness or mortar normally in range 6.5mm - 9mm Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Classification The bricks used in construction are classified as: (i) First class bricks (ii) Second class bricks (iii) Third class bricks and (iv) Fourth class bricks First Class Bricks: These bricks are of standard shape and size. They are burnt in kilns. They fulfill all desirable properties of bricks. Second Class Bricks: These bricks are ground moulded and burnt in kilns. The edges may not be sharp and uniform. The surface may be some what rough. Such bricks are commonly used for the construction of walls which are going to be plastered. Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Bricks: Classification (iii) Third Class Bricks: These bricks are ground moulded and burnt in clamps. Their edges are somewhat distorted. They produce dull sound when struck together. They are used for temporary and unimportant structures. (iv) Fourth Class Bricks: These are the over burnt bricks. They are dark in colour. The shape is irregular. They are used as aggregates for concrete in foundations, floors and roads. Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.

Thank You…. Prepared by: Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Associate Professor, SRM University, Haryana.