1. Matter and Energy  How they interact with each other and the environment  How they move through the environment 2. Systems  Basic Structure and how to apply to biological concepts 3. Structure & Function  How does the structure aid in the function? 4. Change Over Time 5. Behavior & Interactions

Formulas Must Be Memorized!!!!! Photosynthesis: CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Cellular Respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy

1.All Systems must have boundaries Question: What is the boundary for the Animal Cell? Place where chemical reactions occur

2. All systems have sub systems Question: What are the sub systems for the Animal Cell? Maybe a chain of reactions

3. All systems (including subsystems) have inputs Question: What are the inputs for the Animal Cell? Inputs What goes in? (Often called reactants)

4. All systems (including subsystems) have outputs Question: What are the outputs for the Animal Cell? Inputs Outputs What goes out? (Often called products)

5. All systems have Feedback loops Question: What is the feedback loops for the Animal Cell? Inputs Outputs Feedback Loops What converts the Outputs back into Inputs? (Recycling)

Energy flows through the environment Sun E (radiant) Plants (autotrophs) Animals (heterotrophs) Heat E (thermal) Chemical E

Hetero - = “different” Auto- = “self” -troph = “nourish” A heterotroph relies on ______ to obtain nourishment. A autotroph relies on ______ to obtain nourishment.

Draw pictures and label all materials. Write TELL-Con to explain how the Chloroplast is a system (subsystems can be left out at this time.) Write TELL-Con to explain how the Mitochondria is a system (subsystems can be left out at this time.)

ATP – Pockets of Energy to trigger cellular reactions. (Like a battery!) ATP = full battery ADP = ½ empty battery When ATP is used, energy is release and the output is ADP + P

Where: Found in Plant Cells and some bacteria Structure: Occurs in Chloroplast Function: Absorb Sunlight & Convert to Chemical Energy (glucose) Chemical Formula: CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Memorize

 Plants, algae and some bacteria capture about 1% of the energy in the sunlight that reaches Earth and convert it to chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis.

 Xylem – vascular tissue that carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. Xylem – vascular tissue that carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.  Phloem vascular tissue that moves organic compounds from the leaves to the rest of the plants.

 Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells. 6CO 2 +6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

Inputs:  Water –  Carbon dioxide -- Outputs:  Majority of Glucose --  Oxygen --

1.Light Intensity  The rate of photosynthesis increases as light intensity increases until the maximum rate of photosynthesis is reached. The rate then stays level regardless of further increases in light intensity. 2.Temperature  As temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases to a maximum and then decreases with further rises in temperature.

3. Carbon Dioxide Levels  As with increasing light intensity, increasing levels of carbon dioxide also stimulate photosynthesis until the rate levels off.

Stoma - A pore that permits plants to exchange O 2 and CO 2. Guard Cell – two cells that surround the stoma. Open to allow the release of O 2 and CO 2

 Movement of water from the roots to the leaves, through the xylem, with the assistance of cohesion and evaporation.

 Movement of carbohydrates from the leaf (where photosynthesis made the carbohydrates) to the rest of the plant through the phloem.

Stage 1 Energy is captured from sunlight. Stage 2 Light energy converts to chemical energy through the splitting of water (H 2 O), which is temporarily stored in ATP and the energy carrier molecule NADPH. O 2 is an output. Stage 3 The chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of organic compounds, using carbon dioxide. (The Calvin or carbon fixation cycle)

CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Reactants (Inputs) Products (Outputs) Energy Tower!

Question: How is the chloroplast a system? Inputs Outputs Feedback Loops

1.For each of the two main stages of photosynthesis, identify the inputs. Inputs of the light reactions are light and water, and ADP, P, and NADP + from the Calvin cycle. Inputs of the Calvin cycle are CO 2, and ATP and NADPH from the light reactions.

Outputs of the light reactions are oxygen, which is released to the atmosphere, and ATP and NADPH, which go into the Calvin cycle. Outputs of the Calvin cycle are ADP, P, and NADP +, which go into the light reactions, and sugar, which is used by the plant. 2.Identify the outputs for each stage, and tell how each is used.