Why is life carbon based?  Carbon atoms are:  -able to bond with up to four other atoms  -able to make single, double or triple bonds  -able to make chains, rings of almost unlimited size  Therefore can form lots of different organic ‘living’ compounds.  Four major types of organic compounds found in living things:  A) CarbohydratesB) Lipids  C) Nucleic AcidsD) Proteins

Carbohydrates:  Most important energy source for our bodies  Plants supply them for us since we can’t make them  Single sugar units (monomers/monosaccharides)  Several sugar units (polymers/polysaccharides)  Examples: glucose (blood), fructose (plant), lactose (milk), cellulose (plant cell walls, a.k.a. fiber or roughage), starch ( stored in plants for energy), glycogen (stored in animals for energy).

 -polysaccharides are formed through dehydration reactions (linking through water removal) and broken up through hydrolysis reactions (splitting through water addition)

 Cellulose (fiber) in our diet helps digestion because it holds water in the large intestine  But: cellulose itself (corn for example) cannot be digested by humans  Cellulose can be digested by cows with help from microbes in their stomachs,  and by beavers and rabbits who......well eat their own poop

Lipids:  1. What are lipids made of?  2. What are some categories of lipids?  3. Why are lipids important for our bodies?  4. What do the terms ‘saturated’ and unsaturated fats mean?

Lipids:  Made up of C and H atoms, not water soluble  Categories include fats, oils, and waxes  Important because they are:  a) An important source of energy storage  b) The main component of our cell membranes  c) Raw materials for hormones (such as steroids)  d) Carriers of vitamins  e) Cushions for our organs  f) Insulation from cold

 Saturated fats = single bonds, Unsaturated = double  Saturated fats: worse for our health because not broken down as easily  Lead to cancer, high blood pressure (plaque), diabetes etc.

Cell Membrane = Lipid Bi-layer

Cell Boundaries: (Pgs ):  1. What are the functions of the cell membrane?  2. What do we call the double layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes?  3. What is the difference in function of the proteins and the carbohydrates attached to a cell membrane?  4. In what organisms are cell walls found?  5. What are plant cell walls mostly made of?  6. What do we mean when we say the ‘concentration of a solution’?  7. What is diffusion?  8. What does it mean when we say that a system has reached equilibrium?  9. What does it mean when we say that biological membranes are selectively permeable?  10. What is osmosis?  11. Looking at figure 7-15 on page 185, answer the following questions:  a) In the beaker on the left, which solution is hypertonic and which is hypotonic? (left solution vs right solution).  b) In this model, to which material is the membrane permeable, water or sugar?  c) Draw a third beaker which would show two solutions (left and right) which are isotonic.  12. What happens in the process of facilitated diffusion?  13. What is the role of protein channels in the cell membrane?  14. What is active transport?  15. What is the difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?  16. Describe each of the following forms of active transport:  a) endocytosis, b) phagocytosis, c) pinocytosis, d) exocytosis

Etymology List:  1. Bio = life  2. ology = study of  3. genesis = beginning  4. a = negative/opposite  5. homeo/homo = same  6. stasis/static = stay/stop  7. anthropo = mankind  8. centric = centered  9. phil = to like/love  10. pro = early/primitive  11. karyon = nut/nucleus  12. eu = true  13. mono = one  14. poly = several  15. ose = sugar  16. hydro = water  17. exo/ecto =outside  18. endo =inside  19. hypo = below/lower  20. hyper = above/higher

Etymology List:  21. tonic = strength  22. iso = same  23. phago = eat  24. pino = liquid(tiny drop)  25. lysis/lytic = to break  26. cyto = cell  27. de = removal of  28. osis =state/condition of  29. osmos = thrust/push  30. bi = two

Nucleic acids:  1. What are nucleic acids made of?  2. Why are nucleic acids important for our bodies? Proteins: 1.What are proteins made of? 2.Why are proteins important for our bodies?

Nucleic acids:  Contain C, H, O, N, and P atoms.  Made up of repeating units called nucleotides.  Store and transmit hereditary (genetic) information.  A.K.A. DNA and RNA

Proteins:  Made up of C, H, O and N.  Many amino acids joined together.  Structural components of cells, and therefore our physical characteristics  Very diverse in form compared to other carbon compounds.  Also used for:  A) Chemical reactions, B) Fighting disease, C) Transporting substances in and out of cells, D) Possible energy source

Review assignment:  Pg 57: #’s 18, 19, 21  Pg 197: #’s 1 through 10, 12, 17, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, and 33  Pg 199: #’s 1, 2, 3, 5, 6