Chapters 10-13

The last half of the 1800s can be called the Age of Nationalism. By harnessing national feeling, European leaders fought ruthlessly to create strong, unified nations. Germany and Italy unified under nationalism, the Austrians and Ottomans fought to keep their empires in tact, and Russians started to challenge the power of the Czar (Tsar). Under Otto von Bismarck, Germany emerged as Europe’s most powerful empire – but at a considerable cost. Where once the world saw Germany as a center for the Northern Renaissance, it was now viewed as conquerors and destroyers. Neither loved nor respected, only feared. All the while Western Democracies formed and grew in Britain, France, and the United States. A series of political reforms during the 1800s and early 1900s transformed Great Britain from a monarchy and aristocracy into a democracy, Manifest Destiny saw the United States expand from coast to coast (and beyond), and under the Napoleonic Code France emerged as the largest democratic country in Europe.

 Napoleon divided up German lands  People demanded a unified German State  Bismark willing to go to war to unite Germany  Make Germany strong again

 Build strong ties with Austria & Prussia – alliances  Keep France weak and isolated  Disliked Catholics and Socialists  Distrusted them  Demanded loyalty to the state first  Thought Socialists would causes the peasants to revolt—threat to German unity

 Francis Joseph—18 years old when he takes over  Nationalist feelings among several ethnic groups— increases tensions  Rule & Change NOTHING—can’t continue this way because of industrialization & growth of cities

 Austria-Hungary sets up as 2 separate states with their own governments and constitutions  F. Joseph is emperor of Austria-Hungary  Nationalism continues to increase  Leaves the government paralyzed to do anything out of fear of political or social problems

 A stronger country dominates a weaker country through economic, political, or humanitarian ways.

1. Economic: desire for new markets, access to overseas natural resources 2. Political and Military: prestige around the world, further expand territories 3. Humanitarianism: spread Christianity and western ideals around the world 4. Social Darwinism: Survival of the fittest, achieve racial superiority

 Direct Rule: sending officials to rule colonies  Protectorate: local rulers were expected to follow European leaders advice  Sphere of Influence : Area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges.

 Berlin Conference: European powers met in Berlin, Germany to decided how to divide up Africa.  No African leaders were invited  New borders were drawn  No regard for traditions, customs, and culture of the African people

Egypt Seeks to Modernize  Suez Canal:  Links the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea to the Indian Ocean

Opium Wars British merchants traded Opium (India) for Tea with the Chinese The Chinese became addicted to the drug and large amounts of silver flowed out of China This disrupts the Chinese Economy  The Taiping Rebellion  Allows China to modernize and enter global trade.  U.S. needed more markets due to industrialization.

 Open Door Policy—Keep trade open to the millions of Chinese consumers  Keep it open to all nations on an equal basis

 The Meji Restoration (pg. 424) Who, What, When, Where, Why

 First Sino-Japanese War (pg. 427) Who, What, When, Where, Why

 Russo-Japanese War (pg. 427) Who, What, When, Where, Why

 Panama Canal  Monroe Doctrine Who, What, When, Where, Why